Moodie’s Court,
No. 31 Argyle Stn'it,
GLASGOW.
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CATALOGUE
OF
ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS
IN THE
HUNTEEIAN MUSEUM,
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.
“ The following Catalogue is, to the best of our knowledge and belief, a
true Catalogue of the Anatomical Preparations left by the late Dr. William
Hunter.
G. FORDYCE.
DAVID PITCAIRN.
W. COMBE.”
GLASGOW:
PRINTED BY GEORGE RICHARDSON, 35, MILLER STREET.
1840.
REFERENCES.
S signifies in Spuits.
T in Oil of Turpentine.
D dried, and of course varnished.
p on a Pedestal under a Glass Cover.
M Microscopic Object,
i-'
I
ITY
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Catalogue of the Anatomical Preparations in the Hunterian Museum,
now published for the use of the Medical Students of the University and of
scientific visiters, comprises all the Wet Preparations at present in the Col-
lection, and many of the Dry Preparations ; but the great majority of the Latter
not being exhibited, chiefly from want of room and of suitable cabinets, it has
been deemed superfluous, in the mean time, to publish a description of them.
The Catalogue has been printed from one of the two Manuscript Catalogues
transmitted to the University, by the Trustees of Dr. Hunter. These Cat-
alogues abound with errors of every kind, rendering the descriptions often
obscure and sometimes quite unintelligible. In rectifying these errors the
collation of the manuscript catalogues was for the most part of little use, as the
one seems to be a literal transcript of the other, preserving faithfully the most
palpable mistakes. A careful comparison of the Preparations themselves,
with the descriptions given of them, was found to be the only means by which
the true meaning could be ascertained. Wherever it was possible the exact
words of the original have been retained. Most frequently an alteration in
the structure of the sentences was suflicient to restore the sense ; but in many
instances a change in the words themselves was quite indispensable. In
such cases, if any doubt remained as to the true meaning, a reference has been
given to the MSS., or a note of interrogation added; or if any interpolation
had been required, the interpolated words are included within brackets.
There are many Preparations in the Collection of which no description is
given in either of the manuscript catalogues. Of some of these a short de-
scription has been supplied. They are all marked as “not described,” although
there can be no doubt, that a more careful examination will serve to identify
many of them with Preparations now supposed to be amissing.
As many of the Casts included in the Section R. R. correspond exactly to
the Plates in Dr. Hunter’s Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, and very imper-
fectly or not at all to any of the descriptions in the manuscript catalogues, it
has been deemed advisable to substitute for the latter the descriptions given
in the published work, indicating at the same time the Plates to which the
Casts appear to correspond. A similar reference has been given to the only
Wet Preparation delineated in the same work. It has been judiciously sug-
gested that references should likewise be given to the Plates published by Dr.
Baillie, of which upwards of an hundred are taken from Preparations in the
Hunterian Collection, but this suggestion came too late to be acted upon, on
the present occasion.
It is only necessary to remark further, that several of the first Sections of
the Catalogije were printed at an earlier period than the rest of it, and with
the exception of the mere correction of the press under a diflPerent superin-
tendence. The important labour of determining the correspondence between
the several Preparations included in these Sections, and the descriptions put
into the hands of the printer not having been performed with a sufficient
degree of care, some Preparations have been wrong described, and others not
described at all ; while some descriptions have been printed, to which no
Preparation corresponds. These errors, which must prove embarassing to the
student, were unfortunately not discovered till the press was too far advanced
to admit of their being corrected. Of these therefore, and of any similar
errors which, notwithstanding the care with which they have been guarded
against, may be found in the succeeding Sections, the correction must be re-
served for the next edition of thtf Catalogue.
Glasgow College, \
Nov., 1841. 5
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CONTENTS.
Blood. A. - - -
.
Page
3
Breasts, \Vomen. D.D. -
-
Page
149
Arteries. Bo -
-
4
Brain. E.E. . _ -
132
Veins. C. - - -
7
Eye. F.F. -
-
159
Absorbent System. D.
-
8
Nose and Mouth. G.G.
173
Nerves. E. - ’
-
16
Ear. H.H. -
-
182
Cellular Membrane. F.
-
22
Skin. LI.
188
Glands. G. -
-
25
Aneurisms. K.K. -
-
196
Muscles. H.
-
28
Diseased Bones. Wet. L.L.
199
Bones. I. - - -
-
30
Monsters. M.M.
-
204
Periosteum. K.
-
32
! incubated Egg. N.N. -
211
Cartilage. L. - -
-
34
Generation. Rabbits. 0.0.
-
218
Ligament. M. -
-
36
The Teeth. P.P.
221
Osteogeny. N. - -
-
38
Absorbents particularly. Q.Q.
-
229
Epiphyses.
-
41
Gravid Uterus. R.R. -
238
Cylindrical Bones — some
flat.
47
Casts, Do. chiefly in Plaster of Paris. 268
(Esophagus and Stomach.
O.
30
Wet Preparations. Misplaced,
&c. 270
In Disease — chiefly.
-
34
Bones. -
-
271
Small Intestines. P.
-
59
Diseased Bones. Dry.
272
Uncommon Structures. -
-
65
Inflammation.
-
272
Diseased Structures.
-
66
Caries. -
274
Great Intestines. R.
-
70
Exfoliation.
-
275
Worms. Q. - -
-
76
Rickets. - - -
-
276
Heart. S. - - -
-
78
Mollities Ossium. -
277
Lungs. T. - -
-
82
Incurvation.
-
278
Liver. U. - - -
-
90
Hydrocephalus.
279
Spleen. V. - -
-
94
Anchylosis.
-
279
Pancreas. W.
-
96
Fracture. - - -
282
Kidney. X. - -
-
98
Exostosis.
-
284
Testicle. Y. -
-
109
Spina Ventosa,
285
Descent of the Testicle.
-
114
Urinary Calculi.
-
286
Vesiculse Seminales. Z. -
-
119
Salivary, and Pancreatic Stones.
288
Bladder. A.A. -
-
119
Billiary Calculi.
-
288
Penis. B.B. -
128
Bezoar Stones.
289
Female Organs. C.C.
-
134
Intestinal Stones.
289
4
ARTERIES,
No. 10. s. Ditto, from the popliteal vein of an elephant, exter-
nally smooth, of a pyriform shape, about the size of one’s thumb;
and internally, as appears from the section, made up of concentric
laminae; when found it was of considerable hardness and seemed
of long standing.
No. 11. s. The posterior Tibial Artery from a Mortified Leg,
impervious from the column of coagulated blood which blocks it up.
No. 13. a.s. An Artery from a Stump, apparently below the
knee, dividing into two and showing in both branches coagula.
No. 13. b.s. A Coagulum of Blood at the end of the Femoral
Artery after amputation. It is seen plugging up the artery, and
the artery is somewhat contracted at this part. The ligatures
made by the surgeon are still remaining, and the vein is preserved
attending the artery.
No. 13. c.s. Ditto. The coagulum larger and the artery more
contracted.
No. 15. s. The Carotid of an Ass, on which Lambert’s opera-
tion for aneurism had been performed, obliterating at the place
of puncture by means of the coagulating lymph plugging It up.
ARTERIES. B.
No. 6. s. The beginning of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery
hardened in spirits in their distended state, whilst the blood is
supposed attempting to get back into the heart. The preparation
shows the loose edges of the sigmoid valves, when in contact with
one another, almost totally shutting up the passage.
No. 6. a.s. An Aorta at its beginning distended with Spirits,
and showing the meeting of the three semilunar valves. It is
known to be the aorta by the origin of the two coronary arteries.
No. 6. b. s. One of the Semilunar valves at the beginning of the
Aorta. The artery is removed exactly opposite the valve that it
AimaiiEs.
5
may be distinctly seen on each side, and it shows particularly a
small body on the middle of its edge called globulus Arantianus.
No. 7. s. The beginning of the Pulmonary Artery slit open
where four sigmoid valves are instead of three.
No. 10. 5. A Section of the Aorta above the diaphragm turned
inside out, and the thin inner coat transparent and without fibres
peeled off and hanging down.
No. 11. s. Ditto, to show the three coats of an artery, viz., an
external coat, where the fibres are in every possible direction, and
which is thinner than the middle coat, the fibres of which are
principally circular, which is about one-sixteenth of an inch thick,
the inner coat as above described.
No. 12. s. Ditto, to show Ditto.
No. 12. a.s. A portion of the Aorta from an Ox, divided into
its internal transparent coat, middle circular coat, and external
irregular one.
No. 13. 5. A section of the Aorta of an Elephant, a little be-
low the curvature ; it is about four inches in diameter, and the
thickness of the coats taken together is about half an inch.
No. 13. b.s. An Artery from a Stump; the patient died before
it was cicatrised — the ligatures are still hanging to it — it is still
open and shows a considerable plug of coagulated lymph blocking
up its lower extremity.
No. 15. a.t. A bit of the Aorta of a Child Its peritoneal (or
pleural) coat stripped off; it was injected red, slit open and dried;
shows vasa vasorum.
No. 16. s. The Aorta of a Turtle, slit open to show the inter-
nal fasciculated muscular coat.
No. 18. s. The Aorta about the middle of the spine in a girl
who had a very great incurvation of the spine from behind for-
wards ; the aorta had adapted itself to that incurvation, and still
shows the angle at which the spine was bent, which is very nearly
a right angle.
ARTEIUES.
({
No. 19. A portion of an Aorta of an uncommon size, from
Mr. Page, a gentleman who had been subject to palpitations of
his heart and frequent faintings.
No. 20. s. The three Coats of a section of the Aorta; the
inner coat is in most places opaque, and as it were clouded —
showing the beginning of ossification.
No. 21. s. An artery slit open, showing a number of ossifica-
tions of a purple colour.
No. 22. d.t.' An artery opened and dried flat, to show general
but distinct ossifications.
No. 25. s. Aorta below the diaphragm slit open to show inci-
pient ossifications.
No. 26. s. Ditto. Ossifications more advanced.
No. 27. s. Ditto, still larger and thicker, and seemingly naked
towards the cavity of the artery.
No. 28. a.s. A portion of the arch of the Aorta internally much
ossified and aneurismal ; the trunk of the right carotid and sub-
clavian is nearly an inch distant at its origin, from that of the left,
whose origin is covered with the ossification internally, and the
trunk shrunk and obliterated. The ossification goes quite round
the artery, and is an inch broad and apparently thick and strong.
No. 29. s. A section of an Ossified Aorta slit open, showing a
thin membrane turned down between the bony matter and the
cavity of the vessel.
No. 30. h. s. A portion of Diseased Artery, there appearing in
some places to be small ossifications and a separation of the in-
ternal coat.
No. 30. a.s. Two portions of the same Artery; the uppermost
one in the contracted state as in an animal bled to death; the
other in the natural dilated state, as in ordinary death. In the
former the cavity is almost entirely obliterated; in the latter it is
nearly quarter of an inch in diameter.
VEINS.
/
No. 34 & 35. s. Portions of Aorta below the Diaphragm;
showing the cseliac and superior mesenteric arteries coming from a
common trunk.
No. 36. s. A portion of the origin of the Aorta, with the valves
and the coats of the artery aneurismal.
No. 37. s. The beginning of the Aorta, with the coats of the
artery a little thickened above the valves.
VEINS. C.
No. 1. a.s. The Placenta and Membranes of a Kitten. On the
membrane in one place is seen an artery and vein meeting ; the
first white, the other black. This is either the origin of the vein,
or it may be injection returning from the artery at one place, by
the vein stopping till the venal injection meets it.
No. 9-s. A portion of the Cava Inferior inverted and stretched
on a glass tube, showing three coats as in arteries. The internal
coat very much resembles that of the artery; the middle coat has
not its fibres principally circular as the artery, but in every direc-
tion; and the external coat, or that in contact with the glass tube,
is coarser than the middle one — in other respects nearly the same.
No. 11. s. A Vein slit open to shew a pair of valves.
No. 12. s. Ditto, from a Horse also slit open and spread upon
a card to show three valves.
No. 13. s. Ditto from ditto, inverted. At the upper end
shows a pair of large valves filled with Paris plaster; at the
middle three valves; and at the lower end three valves also filled
with Paris plaster : the three sets are about two inches and a half
distant from one another.
No. 17. ^. A portion of the Basilic Median slit open: from a
patient who died in the London Hospital from the inflammation
8
AUSORIIENT SYSTEM.
of that vein, after bleeding; a crust of extravasated lymph is seen
lining the vein.
No. 18. 5. A similar Preparation from the Iliac Vein of a gen-
tleman who died from an aneurism of the crural artery.
No. 20. s. A portion of a Vein laid open with a thin layer of
coagulable lymph upon the inside of it, produced by inflamma-
tion.
ABSORBENT SYSTEM. D.
No. 2. s. A portion of the small Intestine and Mesentery of
an Antelope; in which the absorbents are still preserved in the
state they were found in the dead body, i. e., full of their own
chyle; the arteries and veins were both injected red.
No. 2. a. s, A portion of Human Intestine. An empty lacteal
is seen running longitudinally on the gut, distinguished by its
greater whiteness from the surrounding parts. It is but seldom,
however, they are so strongly marked.
No. 2. h. s. A portion of Intestine with the deeper seated Lac-
teals filled with coagulated Chyle. The veins are injected black;
the lacteals ramify like the veins, and are double their number.
No. 2. c.s. A large portion of Ditto, treated ditto, where they
are even more crowded and exceedingly minute ; seen also
running on a portion of adjoining mesentery.
No. 4. s. A portion of the small Intestine and Mesentery of
the Turtle. The arteries were first injected red, the veins next
blue, and the absorbents last of all with mercury.
No. 6. s. Ditto from ditto. The arteries and veins were
here both left empty; the absorbents alone were injected with
mercury, not a drop of which has passed into either of the former
vessels.
ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
9
No. 9. A piece of Jejunum, the arteries and veins injected
red, from a lady; it is slit open. The whole, with the adjoining
piece of mesentery, is not above four inches square, yet in that
space about ten absorbents remarkable for their valves, are filled
with mercury, and seen passing into the glands not far from the
edge of the intestine.
No. 14. A portion of the small Intestine and Mesentery of
the Turtle. The arteries were injected red, the veins black, and
the absorbents with mercury, and the intestine dried without dis-
tending its natural cavity. Gives a grand idea of the extent of
the absorbent system in this animal.
No. 14. a.#. Ditto, exceedingly beautiful.
No. 15. t. Nine Absorbent Vessels, parallel to one another,
and attached to a piece of black paper; they seem to run for a
foot or two without branching.
No. 18. A Gall Bladder, with a small portion of the Liver,
showing some absorbent vessels running along the surface of the
gall bladder, and terminating in some absorbent glands, situated
on the trunk of the vena portarum.
No. 20. s. A portion of the upper surface of the Liver ; the
absorbents in great numbers are injected with mercury, and each
trunk resembles a tree with a vast number of branches; the pre-
paration appears natural as the vessels are not dried.
No. 20. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 21. s. A portion of the external surface of the Lungs; the
absorbents form a most beautiful net-work ; they are injected with
quicksilver, and from the appearance in some parts, it would seem
that no point could be taken in that surface where there was not
an absorbent.
No. 21. a,t. Ditto, very minute and numerous.
No. 22. s, A portion of the small Intestine and Mesentery of
the porpoise. The arteries are injected red, the absorbents with
mercury. The arteries leave intermediate spaces on the mosen-
10
AESOllBENT SYSTEM.
tery, and along these spaces the absorbents, apart from the larger
blood vessels, pass to the loins.
No. 25.S. A section of the Gravid Uterus at the ninth month.
In the course of the hypogastric artery from fundus to cervix, the
absorbents in some places nearly as large as one’s little finger, are
seen injected with mercury and returning from the fundus towards
the cervix, where they pass into glands, and thence mount on the
side of the pelvis towards the loins.
No. 26. s. An absorbent injected with mercury on the upper
surface of the Liver; it is equal in size to a small goose quill, and
receives a number of considerable branches.
No. 26. a. s. Five absorbents rising out of the Testicle, run-
ning the whole length of the Cord, as large nearly as a goose quill.
No. 27. t. An absorbent injected with Quicksilver, of the
size of a common writing quill, from the uterus of an unimpreg-
nated ass.
No. 28. t. The Trunks of the absorbents of the small Intestines,
coming out of the pancreas Asellii, in the kitten; they exceed the
attendant superior mesenteric artery in size, and are much larger
than crow quills.
No. 29. s. A portion of the Thoracic Duct in a Horse, large
enough to admit the end of one’s little finger, it was injected with
spirit of wine; in consequence of which it now retains its rounded
figure, and is opened in two different places.
No. 30. s. A portion of the small Intestine from the Turtle,
the arteries injected red, the veins black, and the absorbents
with Quicksilver. The quicksilver is seen on the internal surface
of the intestine, in vessels just discernable to the naked eye; in the
microscope they make a very large beautiful serpentine appear-
ance, but nothing like orifice was evident.
No. 30. c. s. A portion of Intestine, injected red by the ar-
teries and veins from the Rabbit; the tops of the villi are here
also seen white and turgid with chyle, but the orifices were not
distinct.
AIJSOKBENT SYSTEM.
11
No. 32. s. A portion of Intestine of the Turbot slit open to
show the villous coat; the arteries and veins both red, the absor-
bents injected with mercury; they appear very large on the inter-
nal surface of the intestine, and in the microscope there is in one
or two places the appearance of a projecting pair of valves, pre-
venting the mercury from escaping, but not decisively so.
No. 33. s. A portion of the Lungs of a Lioness which died in
the Tower, and had haemorrhage from the mouth and intestines;
the absorbents were full of blood, which in the great trunks was
coagulated, and prevented the mercury thrown in by the smaller
branches from getting on. So that the orifices of the absorbents
may be visible in the microscope, since they admitted particles of
the blood which are so.
No. 34. s. A portion of the Thoracic Duct from the Horse,
stretched on a glass cylinder, and inverted; by this means it was
separated into two coats: an internal smooth floating one like
that of arteries; and an external fibrous and consequently muscu-
• lar one, the fibres seen in all directions, but principally circular.
No. 35. s. A large absorbent from the neighbourhood of the
Spleen in the ass ; it is filled with quicksilver and shows also an
artery injected red, running on its external coat through its whole
length, and encircling the absorbent with its branches; the absor-
bent is fixed to a piece of blue paper the better to show these
particulars.
No. 37. t. Two portions of absorbent Vessels filled with quick-
silver; their most depending extremities show two pair of valves
preventing the quicksilver from escaping ; they are attached to a
piece of black paper.
No. 38. t, A considerable portion of the external surface of
the Spleen in the Bullock ; the absorbents running along that
surface are injected with quicksilver; the mercury in many places
endeavouring to go backwards shows very distinctly the valves.
It likewise shows a varicose appearance in these vessels peculiar
to them, in particular parts of the body, particularly in the spleen
of most animals except (he human species.
12
AUSOlOiENT SYSTEM.
No. 38. a. s. Ditto. Vessels more numerous.
No. 39. t. A portion of the same vessel marked No. 27; both
preparations show a knotted appearance, like a number of glo-
bules chained to one another, or like a string of beads; this
appearance is stronger in the absorbents of some quadrupeds than
in the human absorbents.
No. 41. t. An absorbent which had formerly been filled with
mercury and dried, now cut open to show the valves in the man-
ner of Ruysch.
No. 43. t. A portion of the Thoracic Duct filled with mer-
cury from the adult Human subject; it appears tuberculated on
the outside: these tubercles examined with a glass are evidently
formed by valves where a vessel had been entering in.
No. 45. a. s. The Thoracic Duct in a Horse inverted and then
filled with red injection; a single pair of valves only near its
lower end appear; these are pointed out by a couple of bristles.
No. 46. d. The Body of a Monkey, the Aorta injected red,
the Thoracic Duct with quicksilver. The valves in the duct are
at every 16th of an inch through the whole length, and give it a
very knotted appearance. Will the horizontal position of the
Horse account for the almost total want of valves in the duct of
that animal ? And will the erect posture of the monkey make
their frequency in him appear perfectly proper ?
No. 47. s. An absorbent Gland from a Child’s Neck; a por-
tion of the external surface is turned down to show its vascularity;
the arteries are injected red, and show the Gland extremely vas-
cular.
No. 47. a. s. A portion of the same Intestine.
No. 48. s. The whole of the Mesentery from an adult Hu-
man Subject; the peritonaeum of one side is removed to show the
glands of the absorbents.
No. 48. a. s. The whole Mesentery of a Child at Birth, the
arteries injected red, the veins black; intended to show the absor-
ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
13
bent glands scattered along its surface to the number of 50 or 60,
some of these smaller than the smallest pin’s head, but very dis-
tinct; the largest are nearest the root of the mesentery, and form
a portion of a circle like the pancreas Aselii in quadrupeds.
No. 49* 5* A portion of the Jejunum and Mesentery of a
Child; the arteries injected red to show the glands of the absor-
bents at some distance from the upper side of the intestine, clus-
tered and large.
No. 49. a, s. Ditto showing Ditto.
No. 50. s. A portion of the Colon and Mesocolon from the
same Child, to show the glands of the absorbents close to the
intestine nearly, small and scattered.
No. 51.5. An absorbent of a large size, filled with Quicksilver,
passing into a gland, and passing out; the substance of the gland
is so little perceptible, that it looks as if the vessel subdivided and
reunited only, without the least intervention of the fleshy sub-
stance.
No. 52. t. Eight or nine of the Glands of the absorbents in the
Groin from the Adult Female Subject; they are injected with
quicksilver to great minuteness. The absorbents of the sur-
rounding cellular membrane are even injected and passing into
the glands. In some of these last the mercury appears like a
number of pin heads, showing the existence and size of the cells
of the gland; in others the vast numbers of smaller absorbents of
the size of the finest human hair, covering the external surface
of the gland, prevent us from seeing the cells which lie under
them, and give the idea of the glands being a congeries of vessels,
only some of these glands communicate not only with the glands
lying before them, but with those of each side by collateral ab-
sorbents. The inguinal artery, though not injected, is seen run-
ning through the middle of this cluster of glands.
No. 53. t. A number of absorbent Glands from the Groin,
with the absorbents passing in and out, injected with quicksilver,
and fixed on black paper showing the same circumstances as the
former.
1-1
AIJSORBENT SYSTEM.
No. 54. t. Ditto from ditto, showing likewise the same cir-
cumstances. In these two last, some of the glands are just begin-
ning to be filled, others are not completely filled, so that wanting
the covering of smaller absorbents the cellular structure is
evident in all of them; the want of regularity in the appearance
has made some doubt of their being cells however.
No. 56. t. Two absorbent Glands injected with Quicksilver to
show the manner in which the absorbents enter and pass out of
the gland.
No. 56. a. s. One Ditto to show ditto.
No. 58. t» An absorbent Gland from near the Spleen in the
Horse; it was of the size of a common plum — the absorbents
entering the gland, and the absorbents which pass out, were all
filled with quicksilver by one injection. After the gland had
been dried above a year it was divided longitudinally, the mer-
cury escaped, and it now shows cells capable of holding a common
pea, and many of them communicating with one another — a
bristle introduced points out this last circumstance; others do
not seem to communicate with any different cell.
No. 59* t. The arch of the Aorta with the Carotids and Sub-
clavians, the Trachea bifurcating to go into the two lobes of the
Lungs, and the Jugular Veins slit open. The thoracic duct
(which is one of the largest which has been seen,) is injected with
quicksilver, and the trunks of the absorbents of the lungs and left
side of the head are seen also injected with quicksilver, passing
with it to the left subclavian. Other trunks from the lungs and
heart, and right side of the head as well as right arm, are seen
passing into the right subclavian and jugular; a very large trunk
from the absorbents of the lungs passes behind oesophagus,
(which has a quill through it) to join thoracic duct a little
below the root of the lungs. A very elegant preparation.
No. 59- h. s. A portion of Intestine and Mesentery from the
Kitten; showing in the course of the arteries and veins small
lacteal vessels and small oval bodies, most probably absorbent
glands.
No. 59. c. s, Ditto showing ditto.
ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
15
No. 6l. 5. A section through a diseased mass of Lumbar
Glands, from Mr. H., who had a scrophulous testicle extirpated,
about three or four months before. He had a similar tumour on
his head, and several such on the inside of the ribs.
No. 62. s. A Scirrhous mass of Lymphatic Glands on the
inside of the pelvis from a woman who had died after labour,
and who had the child extracted by the blunt hook; the narrow-
ness of the pelvis preventing the delivery, was owing to this
scirrhous mass.
No. 63. s. A Tumour which Dr. Hunter formerly extirpated
from between the Scapulae in a man; it looks glandular; the
disease recurred, proved cancerous and killed.
No. 64. s, A portion of the skin from the Axilla, with two
enlarged suppurated Scrophulous Glands full of cheesy matter,
or like a mixture of thin lime and sand. This disease gives not
great pain, but resembles scirrhus, and is attended with symp-
toms of irritation, (commonly called hectic fever.)
No. 65. 5. The same disease in the Glands, surrounding the
root of the Lungs; the trachea is seen bifurcating, and in the
centre of many of these glands are seen ossifications, or a some-
thing between that and petrification, to the size frequently of a
small hazel nut. These sometimes are coughed up in pulmonary
consumption, and demonstrate it scrophula falling on the lungs,
(compare this with 63 on lungs.)
No. 66. s. Some absorbents injected with mercury upon the
Intestine of the Neel Ghaw. They are very large and much in-
tersected with valves.
No. 67. s. Some absorbent Vessels filled with Chyle, which
appears to have been hindered in its progress by an enlarged
absorbent gland. The blood vessels have been injected of a
green colour.
10
NERVKS.
NERVES. E.
No. 3. s. The whole of the Adult human Brain. The Arteries
are injected red, and the blood in the Veins is fixed by coagulation
in a strong solution of Alum and Water; the Dura Mater covers
the right hemisphere of the Brain, but is removed from the left,
showing Pia Mater and the convolutions of the cortical substance
of the Brain on its upper surface. On the under side are seen
the lobes of the Brain, Pons Varolii, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebel-
lum, Carotids and Basilary Arteries, the Origins of all the
Nerves of the brain.
No. 4. s. Dura Mater injected red; shows also its glistening
tendinous-like appearance ; its outside is principally seen.
No. 4. a. s. Dura Mater in its natural situation respecting the
brain, beautifully injected red; the arteries form the ridges on its
outside, and give it roughness there ; internally very smooth and
glistening.
No. 4. b. d. s. The upper half of Dura Mater, showing the
longitudinal sinus filled with red injection, and a number of veins
terminating in this sinus.
No. 6. s. A Child’s Cranium with the Dura Mater still
adhering. It shows the inside of the Dura Mater, the superior
longitudinal sinus open at one end, and the veins injected red
entering that sinus. It shows also the Falx.
No. 7. 5. A portion of the Pia Mater floating in spirits. Shows
that this membrane also is white, has its surface next Dura
Mater smooth, and that turned towards the brain, rough and
shaggy, forming processes, which have been distinguished by the
name of Tomentum Cerebri.
No. 8. s. A portion of Pia Mater injected. The injection was
thrown in by the arteries, highly coloured with vermilion; it has
returned by the beginnings of the veins, which are so small as
NERVES.
17
not to allow the particles of the vermilion to pass them, for which
reason, the red injection of the artery is become white _in the
vein.
No. 8. a. s. Pia Mater, (a portion) the arteries had been in-
jected red with vermilion, which has been dropt in the returning
of the injection by the veins, which, of course, appear white as
the tallow which formed the basis of the injection. The ver-
milion has lost its colour, and is dark red.
No. 8. b. s. Another portion of Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 9. 5. A portion of Ditto, the arteries and veins both in-
jected white ; shows a beautiful Tomentum cerebri.
No. 10. 5. A slice of the upper surface of the Brain, lower
down than the cortical substance. The convolutions of the
cortical substance are a little separated from one another in order
to show the depth of the furrows which divide them, and in which
the processes of the pia mater were lodged. These fuiTows in
some places are more than an inch deep.
No. 11. s. A portion of the Brain injected and still covered
with pia mater, the veins of a beautiful dark blue; the medullary
substance of the brain does not seem vascular, and is perfectly
white, except for the appearance here and there of passing vessels
divided and forming red and blue points.
No. 12. s. Cortical Substance of the brain injected, the ar-
teries red, the veins white ; shows it exceedingly vascular.
No. 13. s. A considerable portion of Cerebellum ; the seconti
is so made, as to show the arbor vitae — an appearance produced
from the different colours of the medullary and cortical substances
of the cerebellum, the last being of a dark white, the first a snow
white.
No. 13. a. « A similar preparation, the parts being a little
more separated by maceration.
No. 14. 5. A similar preparation injected red, the medullary
substance of cerebellum seems very vascular.
c:
J8
NKUVHS,
No. 15. .S'. The upper half of the spinal marrow from an adult
human subject. Before the dura mater is left adhering, behind
it is slit open and turned to either side. It shows the spinal
nerves arising by an anterior and posterior plane of fibres, the
manner in which they perforate the dura mater, and the gang-
lions which they form after perforating it.
No. 16. s. The lower half of Ditto.; it shows the conic ter-
mination of spinal marrow, the origins of the lumbar and sacral
nerves, which form thick cords, and run a considerable way en-
closed in dura mater, before they perforate it. The length these
cords run within the dura-matral covering of the spinal marrow,
is in proportion to the distance of the conic termination of that
marrow from the place where the nerves are to go out: this
makes a kind of gradation or series, and produces the effect of a
horse’s tail; whence the whole of these origins taken together
has been called Cauda Equina.
No. 16. a. s. The Spine of a Child; the anterior and posterior
parts removed to look on the spinal marrow before and behind ;
the arteries are injected red, the veins blue; the dura-matral coat
is removed before, and left in sight behind; the anterior spinal
artery is seen running serpentine the whole length, and receiving
branches from the intercostals and lumbars ; the passing off" of the
nerves from the spinal marrow, and their passage through the dura
mater and theca vertebralis very distinctly seen. The lateral parts
of the spine are a little drawn outwards, and more separated from
one another than in nature, more distinctly to show spinal
marrow.
No. 16. b. t. Spinal Marrow from a Child, where the bones of
the spine and the dura mater have been removed, showinga con-
voluted artery coming from one of the vertebrals and running
down the middle of its posterior surface.
No. 16. -B. A portion of the Spinal Marrow of a Skate; the
nerves of the spinal marrow form two cords Instead of two packets
as in the human subject; they do not unite before they go out
of theca vertebralis, nor form ganglions afterwards ; of course, they
make two distinct lines by their perforations of the theca ver-
tebralis, here cartilaginous.
neiues.
]<)
No. 17. A-. The Spinal Marrow of a Child; Ihc dura rnalral
coat is removed both before and behind, but not at the sides.
It shows both arteries and veins of the spinal marrow injected;
the arteries are red, the veins blue.
No. 18. s. Ditto; the arteries only injected red, the dura-
matral covering is slit up, on the fore part, through the lower
half.
No. 19. #. A section of the Spinal Marrow suspended so that
both ends of the section may be seen; one half of the section
is also divided longitudinally and a part removed; from this view,
the spinal marrow appears fibrous throughout, the fibres running
longitudinally; in the centre, the cortical substance seems to
make a cylinder, and resembles a thick wire passed lengthways from
top to bottom through the middle of the marrow.
^o. 20. a. s. A similar preparation divided lengthways. There
is a tube to be seen in the middle which was occupied by cortical
substance.
No. 21. s. A section of the Spinal Marrow of the Elephant,
treated in the same way as No. 19. In this the cortical substance
distinguished by its darker colour, is seen forming two distinct
columns at a quarter of an inch distance from each other, and
running through the centre of each of those columns, into which
the spinal marrow is sub-divided by a hollow line on each side
running on its middle surface.
No. 22. s. A section of a very large Nerve half an inch in
thickness, and an inch and a half in breadth, from the Elephant.
No. 23. s. A section of the same Nerve become smaller and
suspended, so that the two ends may be seen; the lesser fasciculi of
which the nerve is composed, are seen at the ends; a longitudinal
section of one half of the nerve also shows these fasciculi running
parallel to one another, and connected by cellular membrane only.
No. 2.3. a. t. Two Nerves from the Arm, injected with coarse
injection and dried; it shows that the arteries of nerves are very
large, and run lengthways in the centre, or on the outside of the
nerve commonly. Spread on blue paper.
20
NERVES.
No. 23. b. s. The olfactory Nerve from the Thornback, branch-
ing, like the feet of a caterpillar, on an organ consisting of a vast
number of partitions, resembling in some degree the gills of a fish,
and corresponding to the human turbinated bones of the nose.
No. 23. c. s. The olfactory Nerves passing through the crib-
riform lamella of the Ethmoid Bone, and seemingly ramifying
on Schneiders membrane.
No. 23. e. s. The same preparation as 23. c. only injected.
No. 25. S. The conic termination of the Spinal Marrow, with
the nerves arising from it, split into their constituent fibrilos as
much as was possible, giving it perhaps a still greater resemblance
to the horse’s tail, and serving to give an idea of simple nerve.
No. 25. a. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 26. s. The Median Nerve divided in the middle of the
Fore Arm, and under the annular ligament of the wrist; the
under extremity is the largest and broadest, though the nerve had
received no additional fibres in that course.
No. 26. a. s. A portion of the Carotid Artery, just as it has
passed within the scull, together with a portion of the motor ex-
ternus and the origin of the Intercostal. It is fixed to blue paper.
No. 27. s. A portion of the Intercostal and Par Vagum. The
extremities of the portion of the Intercostal are small, whilst the
upper half is swelled out into a very vascular oval body, one-
fourth of an inch in length, and five or six times the diameter of
the nerve.
No. 28. s. The Semilunar Ganglion of the right side, lying
between the cselic artery and the emulgent, upon the side of the
Aorta. It is rather to be considered as a plexus of Ganglions
than one. It is not unlike a large lymphatic gland perforated in
six or seven places.
No. 30. 6'. The Optic Nerves appearing to decussate one
another; also evidently fibrous.
NERVES.
•21
No. 31.5. A similar preparation divided longitudinally, in order
to show the internal structure; the substance of the one nerve
appears blended with the other, as if they were but one; there is
no appearance, however, of decussation.
No. 31. a. s. The whole of the Brain with a portion of
Medulla Spinalis and basis of the Skull in the Cod. The principal
aim of the preparation is to show that the optic nerves do not
blend, as in the human subject, but actually decussate each other,
that arising from the left side of the brain going to the right
eye, and vice versa.
No. 31. Z>. 5. The Brain of a Cod in situ; the optic nerves
seen fairly decussating, the right going to the left eye.
No. 32. s. The lower Cervical and first Dorsal Nerves forming
the axillary Plexus; the mode of communication here is equally
inevident and inexplicable as that of the optic nerves; there is,
however, a very general and intricate communication between the
trunks of these five nerves.
No. 33. 5. The superior Mesentric Artery in the Horse, in-
jected green, and showing nerves forming a network on its exter-
nal Coat ; this net work is also termed plexus.
No. 33. o. s. A nerve attached to blue paper, and so prepared
that the spiral appearances mentioned by Monro, or something
like them may be seen. Dr. Hunter thinks this a microscopic de-
ception.
No. 34. 5. An Abscess between the Integuments and Adom-
inal muscles above the Groin; one of the lumber nerves is seen
passing through the abscess unaltered; a bristle likewise shows
where the abscess burst.
No. 35. s. A nerve from the Stump, still appearing swelled
above where the ligatnre had been made; and below the ligature
showing an elongation from new matter added; this new matter
shows granulation of nerve.
No. 36. s. Ditto, showing ditto. Both nerves arc injected
red, and arc exceedingly vascular.
oo
CTTLLULAII MEMBIUNE.
No. 37. s. A Snail suspended by its brain, from whence tlie
nerves pass to the integuments only. The brain of this animal
seems to partake more of the nature of ganglion, and is tougher
than the brains of most animals.
No. 37. b. s. A Leech opened after it had been filled and har-
dened in spirits. There is no appearance of brain or nerves, but
one large cavity intersected by septa, probably all stomach.
No 38. The Par Vagum and Intercostal in the Dog, seen
running along wdth the carotids injected red ; the larynx and
trachea are also preserved. Black bristles point out where the
nerves had formerly been divided and united again; the dog re-
covering in proportion as the union proceeded.
No. 40. s. The Heart, Carotids, Par Vagum, &c. of a Dog,
subjected to the same experiments as the former; this dog had
been injected, and considerable arteries run in the direction of
the nerves towards the divided ends.
No. 41. 5. The Sciatic nerve of the Dog which had been di-
vided 14 days before he died; the nerve is swelled at the place
of division, had not yet united, but was graudulating; a glass ball
is attached to it to keep it steady.
No. 41. a. An Artery and three nerves from an amputated
Arm. The nerves are much swelled at their extremities.
No. 42. The popliteal Artery with Sciatic nerve, both eroded
from an ulcer after amputation in a bad stump, in which there was
constant pain. The nerve is more than three parts of its thick-
ness eroded. The artery had bled a little, but above the place
where it burst is seen plugged with an exceedingly firm coagulum
of blood.
CELLULAR MEMBRANE. F.
No. 2. s. A section of the Scrotum; the Cellular Membrane
had previously been inflated; it was dried in this state.
CELLULAR MEMBRANE.
•23
No. 3.S. One half of the Scrotum of a Child; the cellular
membrane vyas distended from cedema; in this state it was har-
dened in spirits, and then divided. There is no appearance in
any of the foregoing preparations of regular cells; the tissue
seems rather to consist of very fine laminse of a white cotton like
colour, interwoven so as to form a kind of sponge; all the parts
of which are seen to communicate with one another from the en-
larged size of the parts thus distended. The cellular membrane
appears very ductile, and of course must allow of parts moving
easily on one another. ^
No. 4. t. A portion of the Cutis injected red; its inside as
well as the cut edges shows the cellular and adipose membrane
e.xceedingly vascular.
No. 6. A portion of human Cellular Membrane from a
Tumor,^ showing the cells as distended with a morbid gelatinous
fluid. There is a greater appearance of regularity here; the
cells are more evident and an approach is made towards the
honeycomb appearance.
No. 7. s. A portion of the external surface of the Liver, where
it naturally comes in contact with the concave surface of the
Diaphragm : the liver had formerly been in a state of inflammation,
the juices thence extravasated were converted into cellular mem-
brane, and united the surface of the liver with that of the diaph-
ragm, which the preparation shows. The new cellular membrane,
or adhesion, is seen half an inch long, and exceedingly vascular.
No. 8. s. Two portions of two distinct lobes of the Lungs,
united by an adhesion in consequence of inflammation; also a large
blood vessel is seen running across the adhesion, and injected red.
No. 9- s. Adhesions between a portion of the Lungs, and the
Diaphragm, stretched on lead, injected red, and exceedingly vas-
cular ; the vessels seen, however, are remarkably large; and though
they give off in their way branches to the cellular membrane, are
chiefly anastomosing trunks between the vessels of the diaphragm
and lungs.
•24
CELLULAK MEMBRANE.
No. 10. s. A similar preparation to No. 8: the adhesions are
longer, the injected vessels fewer, and the circumstances observed
in the two former more distinct.
No. 11. s. A similar preparation to No. 9*. the whole is
attached to a piece of thin lead, in consequence of which the
adhering parts are kept at their greatest distance, and the parts to
be observed better seen.
No. 12. s. The Stomach, Omentum, a portion of the trans-
verse arch of the Colon with Mesocolon, the Spleen, and Pancreas
of a Child injected red. The transverse arch of the colon, &c.,
are allowed to fall lower tha,n their natural situation, in order to
stretch the omentum, and then show the first depositions of the
fat along the sides of the blood vessels of the omentum.
No. 12. a. s. A portion of Colon from the adult Human
Subject; an appendicula epiploica, very large, hangs by a small
peduncle ; the arteries entering it are small : it shows that the oil
is secreted by very small branches of arteries.
No. 13. wi. A portion of the Omentum of a Child injected red,
and streched on glass to show the same thing as the former pre-
paration; the fat appears to be first deposited in round little por-
tions; but it is not evidently globular or contained in distinct
cells.
No. 15. 5. A large portion of Adipose Membrane from the
Spermaceti Whale ; the oil does not appear globular, but seems
to be contained in large fluid portions, in irregular cells, like those
of cellular membrane.
^J”o. 15. cc* s» Ditto.
No. 17. t- A preparation from the Child showing the Septum
Scroti with its blood vessels.
glands.
‘25
GLANDS. G.
No. 4. s. A portion of the human Liver highly injected red,
showing the substance of gland exceedingly vascular.
No. 5. One half of the Spleen of a Child, injected red to
show the extremities of the arteries terminating in groups of very
minute short branches, named penicilli, and believed to be the
secretory branches of the artery.
No. 6.S. The Liver of a small Turtle with the heart; the
vena portarum is injected red, and shows the extreme branches
terminating in penicilli; not however like those described by
anatomists, but rather in groups like small bushes.
No. 6. a, s. The Liver of a Turtle injected green to show the
same thing as No. 6.
No. 7. a. s. A small bundle of vessels from the kidney, crowd-
ed with Cryptae, and still more strengthening the opinion of
Cryptae being convoluted vessels.
No. 9. t. The Lachrymal Gland in the Turtle, the excre-
tory Duct only injected with quicksilver; the same appearances are
seen as when the artery of the kidney is injected, with this diflfer-
ence that the Cryptae here resemble clusters of grapes, more than
so itary gooseberries. This injection makes it probable that the
Crypta is an appendage or beginning of the excretory duct, and
not the termination of the artery.
No. 10 5. The Tubuli Uriniferi injected red from the pelvis
in the Horse’s Kidney: they are exceedingly distinct at their ter-
mination, and two or three of them are seen uniting to form a
larger one before they reach the pelvis; this sufficiently distin-
guishes them from arteries and veins. The injection, however,
has not run far enough to fill the Cryptic. They show the most
simple kind of excretory duct.
1)
20
GLANDS,
No. 11.5. Follicles or Simple Glands, supposed to be cups
having the arteries opened on their bottoms, and containing ropy
fluids from the root of the tongue in the human subject.
No. 12. 5. The Caput Coli, a portion of the Colon and termin-
ation of Ilium in the Fcetus, injected red, laid open to show folli-
cles scattered up and down their internal surface. Those the anato-
mists have named Glandulse Solitarise.
No. 13. a. s. A portion of an Intestine from a Rabbit, injected
red; at one part appears like a cluster of follicles forming an
oval of the size of a raisin; these follicles seem on the edge to be
villous or fringed, and in the centre have each a little round tub-
ercle.
No. 14.5. The same preparation with No. 12 from the Dog,
also injected red; the follicles are larger and more distinct,
the cavities likewise deeper. There are no follicles in the termin-
ation of Ilium as in the human preparation, but the Caecum is
exceedingly follicular.
No. 15. 5. A similar preparation with No. 12: showing a very
large cluster of aggregated follicles, in the bottom of which appear
one, two, or three white round bodies from the dog.
No. 16. 5. A portion of Ilium from a Horse: showing a very
large cluster of Glandulae Agminatae; the follicles are not larger
however than in the dog.
No. 17. 5. A portion of the stomach of an Ostrich with scat-
tered follicles, each a quarter of an inch deep, and large enough
to admit the end of a common probe. The white bodies seen in the
bottoms of those No. 15 are also seen here, but have here more
the appearance of the coagulated secretion.
No. 18. 5. One of the Tonsils of the Elephant, composed of a
number of compound follicles, that is, of round bodies having five
or six follicular orifices on their tops.
No. 19.5. A Ditto, more fully exposed, showing Ditto; in
some places the orifices are so large and so crowded as to make
the gland look like sponge.
GLANDS.
•27
No. 20. A-. A portion of the lower end of the Canal between
the first and second stomach in the Pigeon; composed entirely
of the most minute and at the same time distinct follicles any
where to be met with; they appear to be oval bodies placed at
one another’s sides like perpendicular piles driven into the ground,
having each a hole at top; they are united by cellular membrane,
without the least intervention of any other substance.
No. 21. Two Lacunae from the Vagina of an Ass injected
with quicksilver; their internal extremities appear to be formed
of very small tubes, so that one-half looks like a small Insect with
a number of feet. The orifices or mouths are large enough to
admit the end of a small probe.
No. 23. A section of the Kidney of a Cat, the cortical sub-
stance injected red; as it shows one smooth continued surface,
it is also an instance of a globulated gland injected.
No. 24. s. One half of the Kidney of the Foetus, the arteries
injected black, the veins red; as an instance of conglomerated
gland.
No. 25. s. The Kidney of a Porpoise injected green, showing
exceedingly conglomerated gland.
No. 26. s. The Maxillary Gland of a Child, showing conglo-
merated glands exceedingly vascular.
No. 27. i. The same Gland; its ducts injected with quick-
silver, showing excretory duct.
No. 28. t. The Breast of the West Indian Goat; it was first
injected with mercury, then dried, now cut open. There is but
one Tubulus Lactiferus the size of one’s finger, which opens into
a kind of cavernous substance, probably follicular on the outside.
No. 29. s, A portion of the Liver of a Cat, the minute glan-
dular part injected from the vena cava.
•28
MUSCLES.
MUSCLES. H.
No. 1. A Transverse section of the arm of a Child across
the belly of the biceps flexor cubiti. The blood was washed out of
the muscles by repeated injections of water from the artery, which
returning by the veins entirely emptied the vessels of their
natural fluids. The muscles now appear equally white with the
bone or skin.
No. 2. s. A piece of Boiled Beef macerated in Water princi-
pally at one end; it shows that a muscle is composed of larger
packets of fibres, these again of smaller and these last of barely
visible fibres.
No. 3. 5. A piece of Boiled Ham treated in the same way ;
many of the fibres are as fine as the threads of a spider’s web, and
probably are the constituent or smallest muscular fibres.
No. 4. t. The Diaphragm of a Child injected red, so as to
seem composed entirely of vessels.
No. 5. t. Ditto from a Child of a larger size; injected red, but
with coarse injection; is of course less minute but more distinct.
No. 6. t- A longitudinal section of a rectilineal muscle, very
minutely injected; the arteries run chiefly in the direction of the
muscular fibres.
No. 7. t. Gastrocnemius from a Child, highly injected red.
No. 8. s. A Tendo Achillis to show the white silvery appear-
ance of tendon. The fibres are all longitudinal and parallel to
one another.
No. 9. s. A Finger showing the Tendons of the perforatus and
perforans, their ligamentary sheath is slit open through its whole
length.
No. 10.5. The same Tendons in another finger, the liga-
mentary sheath removed, only where thinnest.
MUSCLES.
•29
No. 11. A T. eiido Acliillis injected red; showing few
vessels compared with the muscle.
No. 11. a. t. A portion of the Soleus, with Tendo Achillis,
injected red in some parts considerably vascular; but the trans-
parent portion, compared with the muscular, little vascular.
No. 12. s. A Bladder from a hanged Woman: removed as
found contracted in the dead body, to show that muscular fibres
can contract more than one-third of their greatest length.
No. 13. 5. A portion of the Colon arrested by death, in its
peristaltic motion. At two places it is seen contracted almost
without cavity, and at two other places it is seen distended to
much more than thrice the size of the contracted part.
No. 14. s. A portion of the Bladder from a Calculous Pa-
tient, thickened to half-an-inch in its muscular coat.
No. 16. a, s. A portion of the Belly of Gastrocnemius from
an adult Male Subject. The other muscles of that leg, and of
the other leg, were perfectly red. This was as white as it now
appears, i.e., as white as the muscular fibres of a skate; the great
veins running through the muscle had their cavities plugged with
coagulated laminated blood, as in the varicose veins. This disease
was supposed palsy of the muscle; cause not known— perhaps
frequent cramp, some blow, or accidental destination of the
nerves leading to it, though no external marks appeared.
No. 16. b. Soleus and Tendo Achillis, from an adult; another
instance of white muscle, (cause unknown). Falconer’s Sale.
No. 17. s. Another portion ditto. The muscular fibres as white
as those of the covering tendon, and at some little distance, not to
be distinguished.
No. 17. Cl. s. Another portion ditto. The coagulated blood in
the veins well seen.
30
BONES.
No. 18. s. Palmaris Brevis, with its insertion into the sonk, in
the inside of the metacarpal bone, supporting the little finger ; it
shows the fasciculated nature of muscular fibres, which are here
red, the blood having been coagulated in alum and water.
No. 19* s. The Tendons of the extensor primi et secundi in-
ternodii policis regenerated, for half an inch, in a case where the
thumb had been cut off.
No. 20. s. Small portions of Muscles, with very large ossifica-
tions in them — a circumstance universal in this body, (dissecting
room.)
No. 21. 5. A preparation, consisting of a portion of the Radius
and of the Hand. The first bone of the thumb seems to have
been cut off by an operation, and the tendons of the extensor
muscles appear to have grown to a strong periosteum, covering
the bones of the carpus on that side of the hand.
BONES. I.
No. 1. d. Parietal Bone of a Foetus, long exposed to the
weather; showing that it is made up principally of radiated fibres,
whose inner ends meet in the centre of the bone and are close
together, whilst the more external separate, and are at some dis-
tance from each other.
No. 3. d. A section of Middle of the Thigh Bone, prepared as
the former ; showing that cylindric bones are nearly hollow within,
having only a kind of network of small bony fibres, and that there
is a strong thick compact outer covering.
No. 3. a. c. d. Ditto ; very fine.
No. 10. s. The Sphsenoid Bone injected red, and semi-trans-
parent, from its having been steeped in an acid.
No. 1 1 • A- The OLthmoid Bone ; ditto.
BONES.
31
No. 11. a. df. Os Parietale, injected red, made transparent in an
acid, dried, and varnished. It shows distinctly the bony branches
of vessels, and especially one considerable vessel running in the
direction of the arteria durse matris.
No. 13. t. The Os Occipitis; ditto.
No. 14. t. The lower portion of the Os Frontis ; ditto.
No. \5.d. A section of the Parietal and Frontal Bones, in-
jected red, made transparent in an acid, dried, and varnished.
No. 17. t. A transverse section of a Bone, highly injected red.
No. 18. t. The Frontal Bone of a Foetus; ditto.
No. 19. t. The Parietal Bone; ditto.
No. 20. s. A longitudinal section of the Tibia, to show the
marrow injected red.
No. 21. s. One-half of the Head of a Pig, which had been fed
with madder ; the os petrosum and inside of the jowl seem rather
redder than any other parts.
No. 22. s. One-half of the Lower Jaw, ditto ; showing that the
teeth are tinged red, as well as the jaw itself.
No. 23. 5. The Tibia of a Pig which had been fed with madder
at three different periods ; the ends of the bone are reddest, and
pretty universally so ; there are also two pretty thick layers in
the middle of the outer compact substance, forming the middle of
the bone.
No. 24. s. The Bones of a Bird fed with madder, and thence
of a beautiful red colour, particularly one of the Sternurns.
No. 25. The Thigh Bone of an Ostrich, slit up longitudin-
al^', but so as to show two openings, near the head of the bone,
which communicate with the air cells of the abdomen, and by
which air gets in and out from the cavity of the bone, which is
thin and hollow, and has no marrow, no cancelli in the middle,
and largo cells at each end.
PERIOSTEUM.
No. 26. t. The upper part of the Cranium Injected to consid-
erable minuteness with the Pericranium, which is at one part re-
flected upwards : from an adult.
PERIOSTEUM. K.
No. 1. s. The half of the Tibia sawn lengthways from a young
lad: the periosteum is turned off one side from top to bottom, and
is seen as covering epiphyses as well as body of the bone. It is
a white, shining pretty thick membrane.
No. 2. s. The Fibres of the Ligaments between the ends of
the ribs and sternum, diffusing themselves over the sternum, and
forming periosteum.
No. 3. 5. The Periosteum investing the Radius and Ulna in a
young subject, continued to form the interosseous ligament.
No. 3. a. s. A similar preparation as regard the interosseous
Ligament between Tibia and Fibula.
No. 5. s. Tibia and Fibula of a young Subject : shows the ves-
sels of periosteum injected red ; shows periosteum, forming also
the interosseous ligament, and a portion of it turned down about
the middle of the tibia shows Its thickness.
No. 7. s. The Middle or Body of the Thigh Bone in a child.
Periosteum, removed through nearly its whole length on the fore-
part, shows it of nearly equal thickness, adhering very firmly to
the bone; and the arteries injected red, show it very vascular ;
periosteum appears to be made up of several laminae.
No. 8. s. The Tibia of a Child ; the injected periosteum is
turned down all the way, except where one stratum had remained
about the middle. It shows the Inside of periosteum exceed-
ingly vascular, with a number of red points, opposite to wbich, in
the bone, are seen the torn-ends of small vessels entering the
bone.
PEKIOSTEUM.
33
No. 9. t. The Tibia, Fibula, and Interosseous Ligament, in a
Child, highly injected red, and showing periosteum very vascular;
the arteries appear to run a considerable way on the surface of
periosteum, before they enter the bone.
No. 10. 5. The Parietal Bone of a Child injected red, showing
pericranium to be periosteum in every respect.
No. Jl.;y. One of the Frontal Bones, ditto; showing peri-
cranium made up of strata.
_ No. 12. s. A portion of the Parietal Bone, ditto; pericranium
IS turned off on one side, and dura mater on the other ; they both
appear to adhere very firmly to the bone, and to be exceedingly
vascular; the vessels of the bone run a great way under the peri-
cranium before they enter the bone.
No. 13. 5.^ The Sternum of the Silk Fowl; the periosteum is
left on one side, and taken away on the other, to show that the
periosteum only, and not the bone, is black.
No. 14. s. The Bones of the Leg in the same Fowl; showing
that the tendons and ligaments are black, and that periosteum is
therefore a continuation of, or the same substance with tendon
and ligament.
No. 15. s. The Bones of the Wing ditto, showing ditto ;
showing also that the aponeuroses of the muscles are black; and
showing the passage for the air of respiration into the principal
bone of the wing.
No. 16. s. The lower end of Tibia and Fibula: periosteum so
prepared as to show that it consists of short laminae, like scales of
fishes, &c — not one continued fibre from one end of the bone to
the other. (Dr. H.)
No. 17. 5. A portion of the Thigh Bone, showing ihe deeper
seated fibres of the periosteum, arranged longitudinally, like
those on the surface of the bone.
E
3-1
CARTILAGE.
CARTILAGE. L.
No. 1.5. The inner surface of the Patella; its cartilaginous
covering by long maceration in water, has its fibres unravelled ;
some of these are dug out to show that the fibres of cartilage are
perpendicular to the surface of the bone they cover.
No. 2. s. A portion of the lower end of the Humerus sawn
through its cartilaginous covering, to show the same as No. 1.
No. 3. s. The lower end of the Femur, Patella, and Semilunar
Cartilages, with the portion of fat supposed Synovial Gland. Every
thing, except the cartilaginous coverings, is of a bright red, from
the injection of the arteries with vermilion ; it shows that carti-
lage does not carry red vessels.
No. 4. 5. The Semilunar Cartilages from a similar injected
joint ; showing ditto.
No. 5. s. The first rank of the Bones of the Carpus from an
injected arm: whilst the surrounding parts are of a bright red,
their cartilages appear perfectly white.
No. 6. s. A Finger from an injected Hand. The joints of the
fingers on the forepart are laid open to show the same thing as
in the three former numbers.
No. 8. s. Two slices from the injected Patella of a very young
Child ; showing a neuclus of exceedingly vascular bone jn the centre,
and that the surrounding cartilage also carries red vessels.
No. 8. a. s. Three slices of ditto, similarly treated; the head of
one of the thigh bones showing ditto.
No. 9. s. The first Ribs from an adult ; the periosteum turned
off from the long portion, appears to be continued into perichon-
drium, which also turned off for some way from the cartilaginous
extremity.
LIGAMENT.
35
No. 10. s. The Thigh Bone of a very young Child suspended
by the perichondrium, which covered the external condyle.
No. 11. t. Two Carpal Bones injected red from a very young
subject ; the periosteum appears exceedingly vascular.
No. 12. t. A Patella with its inserted tendon from the Vasti,
&C.J it shows the perichondrium on the inner surface of the patella,
near the edges exceedingly vascular ; arteries injected.
No. 13. s. The Joint of the Knee from an adult laid open, to
show a large mass of fat below the Patella, supposed Synovial
Gland ; the arteries are injected red, but not minutely.
No. 13. s. The Tendon of the Vasti inserted into the Patella,
and continued on to the head of the Tibia, injected red. On the
inside of the tendon, before it comes to patella, is seen a Sacculus
Mucosus, which communicates with the joint, and is one inch and
a half in diameter.
No. 14. t. Ditto; the arteries injected minutely, to show that
this fat is more vascular than in any other part of the body.
No. 15. s. The lower end of Tibia and Fibula, as forming the
joint of the foot, injected red ; the cartilage is of the most beautiful
white, whilst the surrounding fat is exceedingly red and vascular.
No. 16. s. The Acetabulum from the Pelvis of the Sea Cow;
synovial gland loose and floating in its cavity, and putting on a
more glandular appearance than in any other animal.
No. 17. s. Ditto; like the preceding half divided, and turned
back to see more distinctly into the cavity.
LIGAMENT. M.
No. 1. A Lumbar Vertebra, with two of the intervertebral
substances, showing that substance half an inch thick. It is made
up externally of the same kind of while silver coloured fibres,
36
LIGAMENT.
as tendon, which decussate one another in many places ; inter-
nally it approaches more to the nature of soft cartilage, and in
the very centre is little finer than the pulp of some fruit.
No. 1. a. A section of a Lumbar Vertebra from the Sea
Cow, showing that the intervertebral substance is exteriorly made
up of concentric circles, and interiorly of a brown jelly.
No. 2.5. Ditto, showing ditto; showing also the cartilaginous
crust under the intervertebral substance ; the thickness of that
crust is observable from one-half being removed : within the de-
cussating fibres mentioned. No. 1, there are a vast many concen-
tric elliptical fibres, and the gelatinous substance in the centre is
seen swelled from long maceration in water.
No. 3. s. The Spine of a young Child, showing that the inter-
vertebral substance is thinnest in the neck, and becomes gradu-
ally thicker to the upper end of the Sacrum ; shows also the ex-
ternal decussating ligamentous fibres of these substances, the whole
way.
No. 4. s. A perpendicular section of the superior ends of the
Ossa Pubis, so as to look upon the symphysis ; this joint consists of
two cartilaginous surfaces, and transverse ligamentous fibres pas-
sing from one to the other ; about the middle there is sometimes
a discontinuation of these transverse fibres, and a kind of cartila-
ginous pulp only, as between the vertebrae, and sometimes a cavity
with synovia.
No. 4. a. Ditto, in three pieces; from a Maid.
No. 5. 5. A transverse section of ditto, to show ditto.
No. 6. 5. Ditto, showing a cavity between the two cartilagin-
ous surfaces in the middle.
No. 7. s. The other half of ditto.
No. 8. 5. The Joint between the Temporal Bone and condyle
of the Lower Jaw laid open ; showing the thickness and extent of
the capsular ligament, with the interarticular cartilage.
LIGAMENT,
37
No. 9. s. The Joint of the Shoulder laid open, showing the
thickness and extent of the capsular ligament ; from a Lad,
No. 10. 5. A perpendicular section through this joint from an
adult; showing ditto, showing also the large Sacculus Mucosus
under the Deltoid muscle.
No. 11.5. The Joint between the head of the Thigh Bone
and the side of the Pelvis; showing the thickness of the capsular
ligament, and the extent of the Ligamentum Teres, in a vounff
person.
No. 11. a. Ditto in the adult.
No. 11.5. Do. do.
Jso. 11. i. 5. The Joint of the Knee from an adult laid open
in the bent state ; shows crucial ligaments and semilunar cartilages,
with the sacculus mucosus under the ligament of the patella ; a
mbst beautiful preparation.
No. 12. 5. The Patella with the tendinous insertion of the
Vasti, &c., forming periosteum on its outside, and continued down
to form the ligament which connects the patella with the tibia;
the ligament appears to be made up of the same fibre as tendon.
No. 13 s. Ditto, with the upper anterior part of the Tibia
into which this ligament is inserted; showing ditto.
No. 13. a. 5. Ditto; injected very fine.
No. 13. b. 5. A fine preparation of the Tendon of the Vasti
and Ligament of the Patella, the Patella itself, and part of the
head of the libia injected red; the sacculus mucosus above the
patella very conspicuous, also the tendinous fibres continued to
form ligament.
No. 14. 5. The Lumber Vertebraj from an adult, with their
connecting Ligaments; a bit of stick is passed through the canal
for the passage of the cauda equina, with a view to stretch the
intervertrebal ligaments, and render visible a yellow elastic ligament
passing between the spinal processes of the vertebra?, and serving
the purpose of assisting to maintain the spine constantly erected.
38
OSTEOGENY.
No. 15. a. s. Eight Vertebrae of the neck from the Ostrich;
showing a strong pyramidal elastic ligament passing through a canal
in the spinal processes, and serving to sustain the head in the
stooping posture of the animal, also to bring it up again.
No. 16. s. The Condyle of the Lower Jaw, with the interme-
diate cartilage, from the Horse; there is no eminence before the
cavity for the condyle in the temporal bone ; nor does the con-
dyle come out of its cavity.
No. 16. s. The Atlas, Dentata, and the next Vertebrae of the
neck, from the Sea Cow; showing the strong ligament which con-
fines processus dentatus in the anterior eliptic groove of the Atlas,
and prevents it from pressing on the spinal marrow.
«
OSTEOGENY. N.
No. 1. t. The Patella of a Child about two years of age, yet
cartilaginous ; the artery injected red, which would have converted
it into bone, is seen on the inner side coming from the outside,
and no where as yet evidently changed into bone, unless perhaps
a small portion of the extremity of one of its branches which be-
gins to turn white — seen towards the lower edge on the right side
looking on the inner surface.
No. 2. t. Ditto from ditto. In this the artery when the pre-
paration was first put up, was beginning clearly to turn white :
from remaining some years in turpentine this whiteness is now
gone off; it is still connected with the upper part of the Tibia.
No. 3. t. Ditto; from the size of the lower end of the Femur
with which it is yet connected, the Patella must belong to a child
of four or five years of age ; yet the same observations only take
place here as in the last preparation.
OSTEOGENY.
3f)
No. 4. t. The Patella from a Child about four years of age,
the arteries injected red: the extremities of two small branches
are become white, or are beginning to ossify ; most of the other
extremities seen are black, owing to the blood driven before the
injection having dried, and not to any change preparatory to ossi-
fication having taken place.
No. 5. t. Ditto from a smaller Child; more extremities of ar-
teries are seen ossified, and nearly in the centre of the patella.
No. 6. t. Ditto from a Child about four years old ; a most
beautiful preparation. The artery on the outside of the patella
divides into two equal parts, is nearly the size of a crow quill,
and opposite to the middle of the patella seems to have a centre
of ramification for the branches which are to form patella ; not
only the extremities of some of those branches, but one of the
branches themselves is seen ossified.
No. 7. t. Ditto from same Subject as the last. The principal
arteries have the same appearance, only, as this patella probably
belonged to the right side, more branches are ossified; the ossifi-
cation here evidently appears to be formed in the coats of the
artery, as in some places it is alternately red from the injection,
and white from ossification.
No. 8. t. A smaller Patella; more branches, however, are ossi-
fied, and appear nearly as in the last.
No. 9. A Patella with the lower end of the Femur, from a
Child supposed about seven or eight years old : the ossified
branches of the arteries look like coral ; and there now appears in
the very centre of the patella a portion of bone of the size of a
common garden pea ; there is also more osseous matter on the
extremities of the arteries than on the branches, forming as it were
little knots.
No. 9. a. } Patellae considerably further advanced, the
No. 9. b- f ossifications being nearly half an inch in diameter
) each way.
No. 10. <. A Patella with a knob of bone in the centre, about
40
OSTEOGENY.
the size of the last, but more irregular j there are here no sur-
rounding branches of ossified arteries, as in the former.
No. 11. ^. Ditto'; with ditto a little larger, and the arterial
branches above it ossified.
No. 11. a. d. Os Parietale, steeped in an acid, dried and var-
nished ; showing distinctly ossified vessels composing its substance.
No. 12. t. Os Occipitis treated in the same way as No. 11. a.
No. 13. t. A Patella, the fellow of No. 11 : the osseous matter in
some parts is white, in others darker ; the whiter is probably the
last formed or newest, as round the arteries coming through the
centre of the large mass, we observe circles of bone of the same
white colour.
No. 14. t. Ditto, very little more advanced.
No. 15. s. Ditto; a most beautiful preparation: the branches of
the arteries are ossified for some way all round the central knob.
No. 16. s. Ditto; ossification size of a sixpence, and about five
times as thick.
No. 17. t. The fellow of the last.
No. 18. t. Ditto; as broad as a shilling, and in proportion in-
creased in thickness.
No. 19. Ditto; larger.
No. 21. Ditto; of size of a large chesnut, and completely
ossified, though not arrived at its full size.
No. 2\.t. Patella in an adult of its perfect size; about the
breadth of a crown piece, and an inch and half in thickness.
No. 22. t. An ossifying Patella divided into two, with its sur-
rounding cartilage ; showing that the cellular internal substance
is always covered with a cortical thin capsule of bony matter.
No. 23. t. Ditto ; showing ditto.
OSTEOGENY.
41
Epiphyses.
^o. 24. s. The Tibia of a Child, in which the Epiphysis at
each end is half pulled off, to give an idea of epiphysis.
No. 25. s. The Os Humeri of a Child, about the time of
birth, injected red ; the ossification in the epiphysis of the head
is about the size of a large pin’s head, and appears like a red spot:
vessels of considerable size, carrying the red injection, are seen
passing through the cartilage towards this spot.
No. 26. t. The Os Humeri of a Child, about two years old,
broken so that both ends may be seen: the ossification on the head
is more advanced than in the former ; the arteries are seen ossi-
fied as they pass towards the new forming bone : at the lower end
the ossification extends from the small head to the centre of the
pulley.
No. 27. t. The lower end of the Os Humeri: the small head
is considerably advanced in ossification; the arteries going towards
it and the pulley (in which latter the process is little more than
begun) are seen ossified, as in the patella; the internal condyle
is likewise an epiphysis, about the size of a small pea.
No. 28. 5. The same Ossification still further advanced, and
injected red.
No. 29. s. The Ossification of the head of the Os Humeri
now completed, and injected red.
No. 30. t. The upper ends of the Radius and Ulna; to show
the arteries ossifying in the epiphyses.
No. 31. The lower ends of ditto; to show ditto.
No. 32. a. t. A longitudinal section of the Thigh Bone, in-
jected red, from a child about a year old; ossification of the head
as large as a pea; the lower and larger arteries ossified.
No. 33. s. Different slices of the Epiphysis of the lower end
of the Thigh Bone ; the ossification a little more advanced than
12
OSTEOGENY.
in the foregoing, and tinged green, supposed hj' steeping in dis-
solved copper.
No. 34, 35, \ Show the same circumstances with regard to the
and 36. t. J Os Femoris, as No. 26 with regard to the Os Humeri.
No. 36. a. t. Shows the ossifying arteries in every respect
similar to those of the patella.
No. 37. s. A longitudinal section of the lower end of the Fe-
mur from an adult ; the epiphysis is not yet united with the body
of the bone.
No. 37. a.t. The upper end of a Femur, from a young person,
injected; a section is made under the great trochanter nearly through
the bone, by which its cellular structure may be discovered. A
perpendicular section is made through the head of the bone,
showing the distinction of the epiphysis, and the same cellular
structure in the epiphysis as in the bone generally. The great
trochanter may be seen to be a distinct ossification, there appear-
ing to be a circumscribed knob of bone covered by a transparent
lamina of cartilage.
No. 38. s. A longitudinal section of the Tibia and ends of the
Fibula, with the Patella, from a Child at nine months, injected red.
The only ossification in the epiphyses is in the head of the Tibia,
about the size of a pea.
No. 40. s. The head of the Tibia, injected red, cut into three
horizontal slices, showing that the ossification only occupies the
centre of the cartilage.
No. 41. t. The heads of the Tibia and Fibula from the same
Subject as No. 36, showing the same facts.
No. 42, 43. s. The Tibia and Fibula of each side, from the same
Subject as No. 26 ; treated in the same way, showing same things.
No. 44. s. The longitudinal section of more than the lower
half of the Tibia injected red, from a Boy ; showing the lower
end still in form of an epiphysis.
OSTEOGENY.
13
No. 45. s, A longitudinal section of a Finger from a Youth,
with Its metacarpal bone ; showing that the head of the meta-
carpal bone, and the bases of the bones of the fingers are epiphyses
not yet united to the bone.
No. 46. 5. A longitudinal section through the great Toe, its
Metacarpal Bone and the Os Cuneiforme internum, from the same
Subject ; only the basis of the metacarpal bone, and those of the
toe, are epiphyses.
No. 49. t. The Scaphoides, Lunare, and Cuneiforme of the
Carpus; from a Subject about four years old. Scaphoides cartila-
ginous, except at one point in the centre formed by an ossifying
artery, Lunare is more advanced, and Cuneiforme almost com-
plete; but all formed by the arteries ossifying, some from one
artery, others from two, &c.
No. 50. s. The Os Calcis of a Child, ossifying in the centre of
cartilage, like the Patella; cut into longitudinal slices.
ditto°’ ^ younger child; showing ditto, treated
No 51. a.s. The Foot of a Child injected red, and stripped of
e cu icle ; the great Toe, its metacarpal bone, the Cuneiforme
internum, Naviculare, Astragalus, and Os Calcis, are divided longi-
tudmally; the two last are the principal objects, their ossification
being considerably advanced.
No. 52. s. The Spine, Ribs, and Sternum, of a Foetus just
three months old : the spine and sternum are still cartilage ; the
nbs are completely ossified.
No. 53. d. Ditto, from a Foetus between three and four months
old, divided into two equal parts, and on blue paper; everything
in the spine, except the spinal processes, seems completely ossified;
the ossifications are at three different points in each vertebra, viz.,
in the body of the vertebra, and on each side of the foramen
medullae spinalis.
No. 53. a. s. Ditto, tho processes being cut off from the dorsal
and umbarVortebrre and Os Sacrum, but being left on the cervical
bofc :,T tim trdr
-14
OSTEOGENY.
No. 54. s. The Spine of a Foetus, a little older: the transverse
and spinal processes are still cartilage; also the lower half of the
Sacrum, and the whole of Os Coccygis.
No. 54. a. s. Ditto, about four months; every thing still as in
the former ; the bone is coloured black, from some solution of
metal, probably.
No. 55. s. Longitudinal section of Ditto, injected red; showing
the central ossifications of the Vertebrae.
No. 56. s. The Spine of a Child of about six months ; ossifi-
cations coloured green ; no more new parts are ossified than in
No. 54.
No. 57. s. The longitudinal half of four Vertebrae of the Neck;
the ossified body of one of the vertebrae is half turned out from
its bed of cartilage, like a kernel from a nut-shell, in another it is
entirely removed, and in a third it remains in situ.
No. 58. s. Os Sacrum cut down longitudinally, injected red,
from a Foetus of one month; five or six different ossifications, like
so many distinct vertebrae, are seen.
No. 58. a. s. Spine of a Child at birth; ribs and spinal processes
still cartilage.
No. 58. h. s. Ditto, at one year old, completely ossified.
No. 58, c. s. Ditto, at two years old.
No. 58. d. s. Ditto, with the Ossa Innominata, at four years
old.
No. 58. a. b. s. The Spine of a Child about seven or eight
months old.
No. 58. a. c. s. One half of another such Spine, — a perpen-
dicular section.
No. 58. a.d.s. The other half of Ditto, the bodies of the Ver-
tebrae almost completely formed, but not the spinal or oblique
processes which are still cartilage.
OSTEOGENY.
45
No. 59. s. The Sternum and Ribs of a Foetus, about three
months old ; no part of the sternum is yet ossified, though the
ribs are complete.
No. 60. s. The Irunk of a Foetus, a little more than three
months old ; every thing as in the preceding.
No. 60. a. t. Sternum with Ribs from a Foetus, of about four
months; shows five beginning ossifications like pin-heads; the
ossifying arteries were at first distinct, now less discernible from
the turpentine.
No. 61.5. The Sternum of a Child, of about eight months, split
into an anterior and posterior half, to look upon seven separate
ossifications beginning in the centre of the cartilage ; that which
afterwards becomes the first bone, is largest.
No. 61. a. t. Ditto, not sliced, showing three ossifications.
No. 61. h. t. Ditto from ditto, five months; shows progress
ditto.
No. 61. c. s. Ditto divided into two thin slices; shows ditto.
No. 62. s. A Sternum, with the Cartilages of the Ribs; ossifi-
cation a little more advanced ; the cartilage before and behind is
sliced off", to show the growing bone.
No. 63. s. Two Sternums, from very young subjects, sliced
thin to^ show ossification : the smallest uppermost, has three
ossifications; the undermost has four.
No. 64. t. Sternum, with Cartilages of the Ribs, and Intercostal
Muscles, the perichondrium also left on ; shows five globular ossi-
fications in a line under each other ; the whole very vascular, in-
jected red.
No. 65. s. A Sternum, about the time of birth, with the Ribs,
and Clavicles, injected red: eight separate ossifications maybe seen;'
the uppermost are the largest, and most vascular.
No. 66. s. The two Ossa Innominata of a Child at birth, in-
jected red ; stripped of periosteum the acetabulum is almost wliolly
OSTEOGENY.
4()
cartilage, except at the lower end, where the ischium ossifying has
got into that cavity; about half an inch of the pubis is ossified,
and nearly the whole of the ilium ; the rest *is cartilage, and ex-
ceedingly beautiful.
No. 67. s. An Os Innominatum from a Child at birth, injected
red, and sliced through the middle, to look on the osseus fibres
and blood-vessels of the growing bone. Both resemble the rays
of a luminous body passing from a centre to the circumference;
evidently so in the os ilium.
No. 69. s. The Temporal Bone of a Foetus at nine months, to
show that the os petrosum is yet cartilage, and that the bony'
circle of the Membrana Tympani is complete.
No. 70. d. Ditto dried, to prove ditto.
No. 71. s. Ditto from a Foetus, of between three and four
months ; the meatus auditorius internus, part of the cochlea, and
under side of the vestibulum is ossified.
No. 72. s. Os Petrosum more advanced, nearly ossified, at four
months.
No. 73. s. Os Temporis, bony circle and Membrani Tympani,
with Malleus and Incus, at 3| months; the long leg of incus and
centre of the head of the malleus is bone ; every thing else of
these last is cartilage.
No. 74. t. Ditto dried, showing ditto ; Stapes also seen.
No. 77. s. The Hyoid bone and cartilages of a Child; hyoid
bone injected red.
No. 77. a. t. The Cricoid Cartilage of the Queen’s Elephant
converting into Bone ; the ramifications of the ossifying artery were,
originally, inconceiveably beautiful and demonstrative.
No. 77. h. t. A portion of the Thyroid Cartilage, Ditto; every
branch of the arteries appears ossified, and gives a very grand idea
of the manner of ossification.
No. 77. c.p. The other half Ditto, dried and varnished.
OSTEOGENY.
47
Cylindrical Bones, — some jlat.
No. 78. s. Three Scapulae on blue paper ; the uppermost sup-
posed at two months, the second at ten weeks, and the third cer-
tainly at twelve.
No. 78. a. The Scapula of a Slink Calf, pretty much advanced,
or not far from birth: the basis of the scapula for about an inch
is still cartilage; the basis of the bony part is most vascular, as if
the principal formation of bone was in that part, and the arteries,
which are injected red, are seen elongating from it into the cartil-
aginous base for of an inch at least: they are of large size and
perpendicular to the base, or in the same line; some of them
seem to communicate with others at their extremities, which are
suddenly interrupted, and look as if they had been cut off as they
went out to the perichondrium.
^o. 78. h, Ditto; somewhat less advanced.
No. 79. d. The whole upper extremity of the right side of a
oetus at three months, dried, and on blue paper; the ossification
ot all the cylindrical bones considerably advanced, or nearly per-
fect ; only no epiphyses. ^
No. 80. s. The fellow of the foregoing.
No. 82 s. The upper extremity of a Foetus, between three and
four months old ; the ossified parts coloured black.
No. 83. s. Ditto ; the Scapula awanting.
No. 84. if. The left upper extremity, at four months; more
No. 85. t. The right Ditto.
No. 86. s. The right Ditto, at 5J months.
No. 87. s. The right Scapula, at G months.
48
OSTEOGEN
No. 89* s. Hand, at 6^ months.
No. 90. d. The fellow of the preceding, on blue paper.
No. 91. s. Humerus, Radius, and Ulna, at 9 months.
No. 92. s. Clavicle, Scapula and Os Humeri, injected red, at
7^ months.
No. 93. s. Humerus, Radius, and Ulna, at 9 months.
No. 94. s. Ditto, ditto.
No. 95.5. The Thumb and Fingers, with their metacarpal bones,
at 12 months.
No. 96. s. The Fore Arm and Hand, at 12 months.
No. 97. d. The lower extremity of a Foetus, at three months,
dried, and on blue paper.
No. 98. s. The fellow of the preceding.
No. 99.5. An Os Innominatum and Femur: a Femur, Tibia,
and Fibula, with the Patella, about the same period as No. 98.
No. 101. s. The Thigh Bone divided longitudinally, the
Tibia and Fibula, coloured black ; at about 3 months.
No. 101. a. s. Two Thigh Bones, a Leg and Foot, from a
Child, about three months old, highly injected green.
No. 102. 5. The Os Innominatum, with the lower Extremity, at
3^ months.
No. 103. t. Ditto, at four months.
No. 104. 5. Ditto at ditto.
No. 104. a. 5. Femur, Tibia, and Fibula, about 4^ months.
OSTEOGEN V.
49
No. 107. a. s. The Tibia of the same Calf, No. 78. highly in-
ected redj the ends and posterior side seem principally vascular.
No. 107. b. s. The lower ends cut off transversely from the other
Tibia (107. a.) with the Epiphysis of the upper end of the Bone
both as red as vermilion; in the cut off extremity of the lower
end, the vessels which were pas^ng from the bone into the cartila-
ginous epiphysis, are seen large and floating as if cut off or torn
through, in separating the epiphysis.
No. 107. c.s. The foot of ditto, showing the ossifications in-
jected in the centre of cartilages in the Metarsal bone.
No. 107. d. s. Ditto.
No. 107. e. s. Ditto.
No. 107./ Ditto.
No. 107. Ditto.
No. 107. h. s. Ditto.
^ No. 108. s. The Femur, Tibia, and Fibula, injected red, at
nine months.
No. 110. s. Os Innominatum, and Femur,
twelve months.
injected red, at
No. 110. a, s. Ditto, not injected.
No. 111.
of the same
The Tibia, Fibula, Patella, and Foot, seemingly
subject as 110.
Plat Pones.
No. 113.*. The Os frontis of a Fojtus, within the third month.
No 1 13. a. d. Ditto, stuck on a bit of black card; shows as
i i o*
No. 114,*. The Os Parietalc of a Foetus, within tl,c third
50
CRSOPIIAGUS AND STOMACIf.
No. 114. a. d. Ditto, at ditto.
No. 115.5. Ditto from the other side of ditto; there is a mem-
brane between the Dura Mater and the Bone, and when both
this membrane and the pericranium are pulled off, there is the
appearance of very thin cartilage between the osseous fibres.
No. 121. 5. The Os Parietale of a Foetus, at five months.
No. 123. d. Os Parietale of a Foetus, at seven months, injected
red.
No. 124. d. Os Frontis ditto.
No. 125. Two Ossa Parietalia of a Foetus injected red, at
seven months.
No. 131. 5. Five Ossa Hyoidea at different ages; showing the
centres of ossfication in each, which are injected black.
Skeletons.
No. 134. t. Foetus, at two months.
No. 135. #. Ditto, at three months.
No. 136. s. Ditto, at three and a-half months.
No. 139. d. Ditto, at five months.
No. 145. s. The two Ossa Innorainata, and Os Sacrum in a
Child, between two and three years old; showing the progress of
ossification, and especially that the spinous processes of the Os
Sacrum are not yet formed.
CESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH. O.
No. 1. s. The CEsophagus inverted, to show its villous internal
Coat ; also filled with spirits to give some idea of its size.
rESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH.
51
No. 2. Ditto, slit open with a portion of the Stomach, highly
injected red ; showing more distinctly its villous coat.
No. 4. 5. A portion of CEsophagus inverted, to show the same
cuticular covering as in the former, separated and hanging in
loose shreds.
^ No. 5. s. Portion of the CEsophagus and Stomach of the Ass;
in which a very thick cuticle is seen lining the CEsophagus, and
ending with an irregular border, about two inches within the
No. 6. a. 5. The lower end of CEsophagus in a quadruped,
(a Leopard I believe,) with the upper orifice of the stomach ; the
cuticular lining of the oesophagus appears wrinkled, and termina-
ting by a circular border j'ust within the cardia.
No. 6. s. A portion of the CEsophagus and Stomach of the
Turtle: the CEsophagus internally is beset with strong thick villi,
an inch in length, and i of an inch in diameter ; their points
are turned towards the stomach, and their thick bases towards the
mouth; they are insensibly lost at a little distance from the
stomach, at least they become much thinner and smaller. Their
use IS supposed to be that of preventing any animal swallowed down
from getting up again; also it is evident, that the Turtle cannot
vomit.
^o. 7. s. A portion of ditto, with smaller and longer villi, also
more crowded.
No. 8. s. Ditto, with a portion of the stomach.
No. 8. a. s. Ditto, inverted from a young Turtle, showing ditto.
■ (Esophagus and stomach inverted and in-
jected red, from a very young Turtle; showing villi very vascular.
No.. 10. s. Tho lower end of the Crop in the common Hen, with
the Gizzard slit open, and injected red; to show a vast number of
loUicles, just at the mouth of the gizzard.
No. 11. t. The Stomach of a Child injected red, with a portion
ol CEsophagus and Duodenum ; to show the shape of the stomach.
5‘2
GESOniAGUS AND STOMACH.
No. 12. s. A Stomach inverted, boiled, and dissected; to show
longitudinal and circular muscular fibres.
No. 12. a. cl. Peritoneum, or the external coat of all the ab-
dominal viscera injected red, and exceedingly vascular; commonly,
it does not carry red or injectable vessels.
No. 13. s. A section of the Gizzard of a Goose; to show the
prodigious thickness of the muscular coat — in some places three
inches thick.
No. 14. s. The Gizzard of a Hen, slit open to show the thick-
ness of its muscular coat, about an inch and a -half.
No. 15. s. Ditto in a Sparrow, a quarter of an inch thick.
No. 16. s. The Stomach slit open; to show the internal coat
thrown into rugae, like the convolutions of a bird’s intestines, in
consequence of contraction in the muscular coat.
No. 17. s. Ditto, to show ditto.
No. 18. s. A portion of a Child’s stomach, to show ditto; rugae
most beautiful.
No. 19. s. One-half of the Stomach inverted, to show ditto.
No. 20. s. A whole Ditto inverted; shows ditto.
No. 21.5. A piece of Stomach, so cut as to look upon the
edges; where it is evident, that the rugae are in the internal coat
only.
No. 22. s. The internal coat of the Stomach in its relaxed state,
or when the muscular coat is not contracted.
No. 23. s. The internal surface of the Stomach from an adult,
the arteries injected red. When examined with the microscope,
the arteries appear to form cells, so as to give the appearance of
honeycomb to the whole surface, instead of the usual appearance
of villi.
No. 24. t. A Child’s Stomach, highly injected red; to show
its shape.
CESOrilACiUS AND STOMACH.
53
No. 26. t. A Child’s Stomach; the arteries injected red, the
veins yellow.
No. 28. 5. The Stomach of a Child at birth; inverted, and
distended with spirits; both arteries and veins injected red from
the umbilical cord. Nothing can be more uniformly red, nor is
there the least ruptured vessel in the whole surface; the arteries
form the honeycomb appearance everywhere except at or near
the Pylorus, where they resemble the appearance in the small
intestines, or are villous.
No. 28. a, s> Ditto, minutely injected and inverted, from a
Child somewhat older.
No. 29. s. Ditto, something less advanced and smaller; equally
well injected; the OEsophagus looks white from the cuticular
covering lining its internal surface; the inner coat is in its rugous
state.
No. 30. s. The Stomach of a Foetus at six months, beautifully
injected red and inverted ; showing the same circumstances as the
last.
No. 31. 5. Ditto cut open; showing the internal coat highly in-
jected red, and in its rugous state; also showing a coagulated fluid
which takes the shape of the stomach, and appears to be coagula-
ble lymph secreted by its arteries, probably serving as food for
the Foetus, and afterwards converted into Meconium.
No. 23. A portion of the CEsophagus and Stomach from a
woman, who poisoned herself with arsenic; the stomach was very
much inflamed, and the glands by this means visible, are very
distinct towards the lower end of the preparation; on the right
side, the cuticular lining of oesophagus is also seen terminating,
as in some quadrupeds, just within the cardia. °
No. 33. s. The Stomach of a Boy inverted; to show the same
glands about the small end of the stomach, and near the Pylorus.
No. 33. a. s. A portion of the stomach of the Ostrich; showing
follicles on the inside, and clusters of smaller glands on the
opposite side, between the muscular and villous coat, the former
of which is turned down.
5-1
fESOrilAGUS AND STOMACH.
No. 33. b. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 34. s. The small end of the Stomach, with a considerable
part of the Duodenum; distended previously with spirits, and after
being thus hardened, opened at several parts to show the valve of
the pylorus, and part of the cavity of the stomach and duodenum ;
the opening of the Ductus Communis Coledochus into the duode-
num is also seen, and a bristle is passed through the duct.
No. 34. a. s. Ditto, to show valve of the Pylorus cut through.
No. 34. b. s. Ditto, to show ditto.
No. 35. s. Ditto, to show ditto.
No. 36. s. Small end of the Stomach, with the Duodenum, highly
injected red ; cut open to show follicles in great numbers about the
Pylorus.
No. 38. s. The four Stomachs of a Goat, inverted to shew
their internal surfaces: that of the first is villous; that of the
second like the cells of a honeycomb ; that of the third like
the septa in an orange, only villous; and that of the fourth is not
much distant from the internal surface of the human stomach.
No. 41. a. s. Some Teeth, and other Bones, with a ball of hair
found in the stomach of a Leopard, that died in the Tower: the
bones are half dissolved ; the teeth were as soft as a camel-hair
pencil, and would have answered most purposes nearly as well.
The ball of hair shows the twisting of the fibres of the stomach
in its peristaltic motion, like the vortex of a whirlpool.
No. 41. c. A ball of hair similar to the last mentioned, found
in the stomach of a quadruped, of the size of a small apple.
No. 41. d. Ditto, of the size of a Swan’s egg.
In Disease — chiejly.
No. 42. s» A portion of the GLsophagus of a person who died
in a few days, in consequence of accidentally swallowing a half-
fESOrnAGUS and stomach.
55
crown piece ; it stuck just behind the left auricle of the heart ; a
bleeding from the stomach destroyed him. The half-crown* is
seen sticking in the oesophagus, and now black from a kind of rust.
(Dr. Orme.)
No. 42. a.s. Some Fish found in the Stomach of a Scate, under-
going the same process as the bones in the Leopard’s stomach
No. 41.
(Added 1779.J
No. 42. a. a. s. The CEsophagus, with a portion of the Stomach
of a Man who died of Hydrophobia: the upper part of oesopha-
gus, and the lower part forming cardia, are exceedingly inflamed;
the stomach itself is much redder than natural : the inflamed ap-
pearance was preserved by steeping the parts in distilled vinegar.
^ No. 42. b. s. A portion of the Stomach from a Woman, who
died of the peritoneal inflammation; the great end of the stomach
was reduced almost to a jelly by the powers of the gastric juice;
the digestive powers continuing so strong, show that this disease
IS an inflammation and not fever; the small end of the same sto-
mach is natural and sound, the gastric juice falling to the great
end by its gravity.
No. 42. c. s. A portion of the same Stomach ; showing a distinct
boundary between half dissolved and sound part; on blue paper.
No. 42. d. s. A portion of ditto half dissolved and pulpy.
No. 42./ A portion of a diseased Stomach, properly speaking,
cancerous; there is thickening, ulceration, and excresence in
several parts. (Falconer’s Sale.)
No. 42. c.s. A section of the Gizzard of the Ostrich, about two
inches thick in some parts, and lined with a thick horny or cuti-
cular covering.
No. 43. s. Part of the CEsophagus and Larynx of an adult, in
whom while swallowing a cherry-stone, it stuck by the way: it gave
occasion to the forming of a pouch, a little within the thorax, in
the CEsophagus, which is now slit open from behind, to show the
50
CESOrilAGUS AND STOMACH.
bag ; two quills show the natural passage lying before this pouch :
«very thing he swallowed stuck there after the cherry stone had
once made a little lodgement.
No. 44. s. A portion of the CEsophagus from a Mr. Knight;
the part close to the stomach was of a hard gristly substance, so
contracted at one part as just to admit a small quill, and forming
stricture of the oesophagus. (Mr. Russel opened the body for
Mr. Walker, in presence of Mr. Ballard of Handley.)
No. 45. s. The CEsophagus and Larynx, part of the Trachea,
Tongue, and Thyroid Gland of an adult: the oesophagus is slit
open from behind, to show an ulcer extending from the upper
edge of Cricoid cartilage to three inches below it, and being about
1^ inch broad; in many places the whole thichness of the oesopha-
gus is entirely destroyed, and the cartilages of the Trachea appear
at the bottom of the ulcer ; the Thyroid Gland is also enlarged.
It killed the patient.
No. 46. s- A portion of the (Esophagus and Larynx from an
adult ; the oesophagus slit open behind, to show the same kind of
disease as the former. The thyroid gland is also somewhat
ulcerated.
No. 47- s. Ditto. The Trachea and Larynx are slit open,
or rather they are both divided longitudinally, so as to look upon
the forepart of the oesophagus, which is ulcerated in the same way
as No. 45. The thyroid gland is very much enlarged.
No. 48. 49. s. Two longitudinal lateral sections through the
middle of the Phrynx and CEsophagus, Larynx and Trachea, as far
as the bifurcation of this last ; to show an ulcer with stricture in
the oesophagus, extending from behind the bifurcation of the
Trachea two or three inches upwards. The patient could swallow
nothing, but was nourished for some weeks by clysters.
No. 50. s. A portion of stomach from a Subject in the dissect-
ing-room, in which is seen a pouch formed by five halfpence
sticking together, black, and seeming, on their under surfaces, to
have been rubbed bright by the action of the stomach ; their
effect on the patient not kno\vn.
OESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH.
57
No. 50. a. s. The Stomach of the Leopard No. 41. a. Black
spots appear here and there along its internal surface ; these were
suspected to be parts digested by the same menstruum which wjs
digesting the bones; 1st, because there was no cause to suspect
anj'^ caustic taken down; 2d, there was no general inflammation
in the stomach; 3d, there were no ulcers, the edges were not thick
nor callous; 4th, the blackness was evidently from blood, recently
effused from the dissolved vessels.
No. 50. b» s. A Stomach exactly in the same situation, from a
Woman who had died the third day after Labour in a Fever, who
had also taken an Emetic.
No. 50. d. s. The Stomach of a Dog inverted, supposed to be
poisoned by arsenic: the inflammation is the most general ever
seen; the whole looks black, the blood having been coagulated
by distdled vinegar; there is, however, no erosion: the Dog died
suddenly.
No. 50-. c. A portion of the small end of the Stomach from
a Woman in the dissecting room: there is stricture of the Py-
lorus which barely admits a quill; there are also a great many
Prunestones which were found in the Stomach, and which could
not pass the Pylorus.
CEsophagus and Stomach of
(Mr. Hume) a person, who died of the Gout in his Stomach:
there was considerable inflammation, even in some places to ex-
travasation as may be seen, the blood having been coagulated in
the vessels and cellular membrane by means of distilled vinegar.
No. 53. The great end of the Stomach of an Adult, forming
a thick large scirrhous mass: on the outside the surface is
irregular and lobulated, but smooth ; on the inside there is the
same appearance, but the surface is broken and ulcerous: it is
more than two inches thick in some parts. (From the Dissecting
No. 53. a. A portion of the Leopard’s Stomach ; in the in-
ide is seen a Sc.rrhus, about the size of a walnut, with a hole in
H
58
CESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH.
No. 53. h. s. Another portion of the same Stomach, with a
smaller scirrhous ridge, and two different apertures as in the last.
No. 53. c. s. Ditto, in the human Stomach, only not clearly
perforated at the top.
No. 54. s. A longitudinal section through (Esophagus, Stomach,
and Pylorus, from an old Woman; everywhere thickened and
scirrhous; the cavity of the stomach was not greater than that of
a small intestine.
No. 54. a. s. Pylorus, with a portion of the small end of the
Stomach become one large cancerous ulcer, ragged, thick, and
bloody; from a Patient at Chelsea, who had perpetual vomitings
and purging.
No. 55. s. Portion of the inverted Stomach of a Woman who
died at Blackheath : the edges of the small curvature are thick
scirrhous, and ulcerated; the Bristles shew how far downwards
this thickening went, viz., about two inches from the curvature.
The case will be described with No. 99, 100, in the diseases of
the intestines. (Mr. Pinckstone’s Patient.)
No. 56. 5. Ulceration of the Pylorus; it extends but a little
way into the stomach itself, and not at all into the duodenum;
both are slit open to shew this.
No. 57. s. A longitudinal section of the lower end of (Eso-
phagus and Stomach, much contracted, scirrhous, and ulcerated;
from a poor Woman in Swallow street; she imagined nothing had
staid on her stomach for six months before her death.
No. 58. s. The other half of No. 57.
No. 59. s. Ulceration of the Stomach near the Pylorus, from
an old Woman who had jaundice. (Case unknown.)
SMALL INTESTINES,
59
SMALL INTESTINES. P.
No. 1. d. The Stomach, portion of Duodenum, Mesentery,
lower portion of Ilium, and the whole of the great Intestine in
situ, the arteries injected red, the veins yellow; to give an idea
of the Alimentary Canal.
No. 2. d. The Stomach, and whole of the Intestines, injected
red, and in situ ; cut open at different parts to shew internal
structure, and give a general idea of intestines.
No. 3. t. The whole of the small and great Intestines, with the
Mesentery and Omentum, highly injected red, from a Fcetus at
birth. The preparation was first steeped in spirit of wine, and is
now in turpentine, where it becomes every day more transparent ;
it serves to show the same things as the two former.
No. 4. s. A portion of small Intestine filled with spirits, which
are confined by ligatures ; the peritoneal coat is in some places
turned down, as is the muscular, to show longitudinal muscular
fibres, running under the peritoneal coat, and circular muscular
fibres under tbe longitudinal; the circular seem to be infinitely
more numerous.
No. 5. ;y. Ditto; showing longitudinal fibres more distinctly;
both these and the circular seem to be in packets separated by
cellular membrane.
No. 6. s. Ditto, after boiling; the villous coat is removed in
the middle, to show the circular fibres, (here very apparent) that
lie immediately over it.
No. 6. a. s. A portion of Intestine distended by spirits, show-
ing circular fibres not prepared by boiling, but exhibiting their
natural appearance.
No. 7. s. Ditto, slit open ; the
cular kind of internal coat, which
preparation hangs by a cuti-
has in it the orifices of the in-
60
SMALL INTESTINES.
testinal glands; below this, the villous coat is turned down some
way; and still lower down the muscular, with the peritoneal are
turned down : it shews the different coats of Intestines.
No. 8. 5. Ditto slit open; the villous coat is removed, to
show lines of fat running in the direction of the principal blood
vessels, between this coat and the muscular — a circumstance very
seldom found in the small intestines.
No. 9. s. A portion of Jejunum from an Adult, open to shew
the villous coat of the intestines, like that of the stomach in the
contracted state of the muscular coat, throwing itself into wrinkles
which run in the direction of the circular fibres, and are named
Valvutse Conniventes.
No. 10. 5. Ditto, only inverted ; showing ditto; showing also
that these valves do not form circles, but are portions of spiral
lines which arise and terminate insensibly.
No. 11. 5. A portion of Jejunum inverted to show the Valvulae
Conniventes, all over whose surface a coagulated white fluid ap-
pears, taking the figure of the villi, and making the edges of the
valves prominent.
No. 12. 5. A portion of the small Intestine in the Turtle, slit
open to show the villous coat thrown into beautiful longitudinal
wrinkles.
No. 12. a. s. A portion of Ditto partially injected, with a net-
work formed by the rugae.
No. 13. s. A portion of Ditto from the Crocodile; the valvulae
conniventes are longitudinal, exceedingly small, and form waving
lines so as to represent the drawing of a storm at sea.
' No. 14. s. A portion of human Ilium inverted; the valvulae
conniventes wanting, and consequently the surface is here less,
and the absorption from it or secretion must be less than in
the Jejunum.
No. 15. s. Ditto, filled with spirits; showing ditto.
SMALL INTESTINES.
61
No. 16. s. A portion of Jejunum, cut open, highly injected
red; under the microscope every valvula connivens appears covered
with lesser ones, which in Dogs put on the appearance of hairs, and
are called Villi.
No. 17. 5. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 18. s. Ditto inverted; one part of the Intestine beauti-
fully injected red; the other uninjected and perfectly white,
showing the same aS No. 16.
No. 1 8. a. s. A portion of Jejunum, one fourth of it uninjected,
and three fourths of it highly injected red ; the injection was
prevented by a ligature from running into the white portion,
which thus makes an elegant contrast with the injected portion.
^ No. 23. t. A portion of Mesentery with Intestine, the artery
injected red, the vein yellow; in turpentine; exceedingly beauti-
ful, 1777; yellow fades apace, 1778.
No. 24. d. Ditto, in a bottle, varnished, and without any fluid •
yellow perfect. *
No. 24. a. Appendix Cceci, forming a rupture, and down in
t e sack. The surface of the peritoneum has here and there small
tubercles on it; there were cancerous tumours in different parts
of the body; these seem to have been incipient ones even on the
peritoneum.
No. 24. b.d. A portion of small Intestine and Mesentery from
he bea Cow, showing two veins accompanying artery.
No. 25. t. A portion of Mesentery with Intestine, in turpen-
tine; not inflated, but dried flat; yellow in part remaining.
No. 26. ^ A considerable portion of the Mesentery and Intes-
tine of a Child; injected red, and coiled round itself. N.B. this
preparation has remained in its present state, unchanged, t’hese
No. 27. t. Longitudinal pieces of Ditto, inflated and dried.
62
SMALL INTESTINES.
No. 28, 29. t. Pieces of Intestine, from an Adult, injected red.
These three last of the same age with No. 26.
No. 30. d. A portion of Intestine from a Child, injected red ;
remarkable for its beauty and distinctness; inflated, dried, filled
with blue paper, and placed on bits of cotton, varnished.
No. 31. t. Portions of Intestine highly injected red, from a
Child at birth; the whole Intestine seems vessels merely.
No. 32. t. Ditto, injected black, and filled with Paris plaster;
remarkably distinct and beautiful.
No. 33. d» A small portion of the same, in a bottle, only var-
nished.
No. 34. Portion of same, coiled on itself: exceedingly
beautiful.
No. 35. t. A portion of Jejunum, from the adult human sub-
ject; the artei'ies injected most beautifully with quicksilver: after
filling them from the mesentery, a general ligature was made on
the mesentery, and every set of arteries and veins tied separately,
just at the end of the mesentery, otherwise the mercury escaped
by one set as fast as it was injected by the other.
No. 36. t. A portion of Ilium, injected ditto ; both arteries
and veins filled.
No. 37. s. A portion of Intestine from a Child, slit open ; shows
the villi beautifully and minutely injected red, and here and there
amongst these villi the Glandulse Agrainatae of anatomists.
(Pyer’s, &c.)
No. 37* ci-s. Ditto.
No. 37. a. a. A portion of Intestine where there had been peri-
toneal inflammation, slit open; it is highly injected red, and
shows on the inside follicles apparently magnified, probably from
longer and larger secretion ; they are of the collected kind.
SMALL INTESTINEIS.
6S
No. 38. s. A portion of Ditto; showing as No. 37.
No. 39. s. A large portion of Ditto; showing a line six inches
long, one-eighth of an inch broad, of the Glands: there is a great
variety in these.
No. 40. s. Ditto; showing two clusters of the same Glands.
No. 41.5. Ditto, inverted; showing a considerable cluster of
these glands.
No. 42. a.s. A considerable portion of Intestine from the Sea
Cow, inverted and filled with spirits; through its whole length it
appear crowded with the Distinct Follicles, which are more nu-
merous than perhaps in any other animal.
No. 42. b.s A smaller portion of ditto, much crowded with do.
No. 42. s. The villous coat only of ditto; torn off to show a
number of Glandulse Solitariae.
No. 43. s. Intestine of a Child slit open to show a great number
of these last.
No. 43. h. s A portion of Jejunum from the Porpoise : there
are very many and large valvulae conniventes, but they are not
interrupted, nor run one into another, but are continued longi-
tudinally the whole length of the gut: the arteries form short
small villi.
No. 44. 5. A portion of Jejunum inverted and injected; to
show the glandulae solitariae all over its surface.
No. 45. s. Ditto injected and slit open; to show ditto: here
however the appearance is doubtful, and seems rather the produc-
tion of the villous coat than glands; here also are appearances of
chyle in the absorbents.
No. 46. 5. Ditto inverted from a Child and injected red, shows
the same productions; spread on blue paper; appearances of chyle
also seen here.
64
SMALL INTESTINES.
No, 47. s. Lower end of Jejunum uninjected, inverted, showing
ditto.
No. 4S. s. Ditto injected; showing ditto, showing also some
Glandulae Agminatso.
No. 48. a. 5. The beginning of Ilium, showing valvulae conni-
ventes almost entirely wanting, and glandulse agminatse.
No. 50.5. Duodenum slit open, injected red; shows valvulae
conniventes; shows size also.
No. 50. a.s. The Duodenum of the Horse, slit open to show
the entrance of the Biliary and Pancreatic Ducts; one of the
Pancreatic Ducts enters with the Biliary Duct, and both open
by distinct mouths into a kind of sacculus or large follicle, which
may serve for a sort of gall bladder in this animal, who has none
in the usual place; the other pancreatic duct opens about two or
three inches lower down than the first. Bougies are in all these
ducts, and project into the sacculus or intestine.
No. 51.5. Ilium inverted, to show its size, thickness, and want
of valves.
No. 51. a. 5. Jejunum inverted, to show its size and fleshyness,
and valves.
No. 52. t. The Mesentery of a Child at birth, injected red,
with a portion of Colon.
No. 53. 5. Ditto.
No. 53. a. 5. A portion of the Small Intestine in a Dog,
highly injected red, and inverted to shew the Villi, which are
long and waving, small at the extremities like hairs — become a
little thicker as they approach the villous coat, and then seem
smaller again — so under the microscope.
No. 53. b. 5. Ditto. In this as in the last, the arteries, had for
hours previously been injected with warm water, and this was
begun while the animal was warm; no valvulae conniventes.
SMALL INTESTINES.
65
No. 53. c. s. Ditto from the Goat; the Villi resemble more
the human, and have considerable breadth, leaving a loose edge
towards the cavity of the intestine, rather than a loose waving
point as in the dog, (thus no valvulse conniventes.
No. 53. e. s. Ditto, both from the Rabbit : one is distended
with spirits and inverted, the other slit open, and highly injected
red; the villi project much, but resemble the papill® capitatse of the
Tongue rather than hairs, being rounded at the top, (thus, ^ )
and apparently smaller as they come nearer the villous coat ; no
valvulge conniventes.
No. 53./ s. A portion of Intestine from the Elephant, mak-
ing an oblong ; injected red : no valvulae conniventes, but the
surface internally puckered, somewhat similar to a half-contracted
Stomach ; the villi very short and small, and more like hairs even
than in the Dog.
No. 53.^. s. A portion of the lower end of Ilium, with the be-
ginning of the Colon, both slit open : the villi in Ilium highly
injected red, and not much differing from those of the Dog, rather
shorter, but more crowded, and interspersed with vast numbers of
follicles; the follicles in the caecum are very large, and somewhat
different in shape from other follicles, being oval and not circular,
at least the greatest number are ovalsi
No, 53, i. s. A portion of the Intestine of the Goose, beauti-
fully injected red; the upper end white, and uninjected: the villi
are most of them like the human ; some are long and resemble
those of the Dog.
^ No. 53. m. s. Portions of Intestine from the Scate : the villi
ejected red form a honeycombed appearance, as in the gall
bladder and stomach of the human subject, only the ridges are
lower, and the cells of course more superficial.
Uncommon Structures.
No, 54. d. Valvula Connivens making a circle, and thence
occasioning stricture in a portion of Jejunum.
T
66
SMALL INTESTINES.
No. 55. s. A Diverticulum or Caecum in the Jejunum of a man
hanged at Tyburn, four inches long, and nearly two in diameter.
No. 55. a. s. Small ditto, projecting like the first joint of a
man’s thumb.
No. 56. d. Ditto, but smaller, two inches long and ^ in
diameter also in Jejunum; this has a kind of valve at the begin-
ning.
No. 57. d- Ditto, an inch long, and one half -inch in diameter;
has also a kind of valve.
No. 58. d. Ditto, three inches long, and one in diameter.
No. 59. d. Ditto, an inch long, and one half-inch in diameter.
No. 60. d. Ditto, three inches long, one half-inch in diameter,
injected red and yellow, at its end bifid.
No. 61. d. Ditto, one half-inch long, one inch in diameter.
No. 63. d. Ditto, from a child at birth, injected red.
No. 64. Large Ditto, injected; from dissecting- room.
No. 64. a. d. Ditto.
Diseased Structures.
No. 64. s. The Duodenum of a Woman from the dissecting
room, slit open to show a Tumor of the size of a cherry, opposite
to the orifice of the gall duct; it contained a fluid, but what
symptoms it produced in the body when alive are not known.
No. 65. s. A similar Tumor, but not jarger than an acorn, aris-
ing from the inner surface of the intestine, at the lower end of
Ilium, which was not complained of. (Mr. Hume, Surgeon.)
No. 66. s. The Duodenum slit open, to show a Gall Stone an
inch long, and half an inch in diameter in the very orifice of the
duct, so that the person must have died in a fit of the colic.
SMALL INTESTINES. '
(j7
No. 67. s. An Introsusceptio of the Jejunum from an Adult
brought into the dissecting room; case not known.
No. 68. .y. Ditto, of the lower end of the Ilium and Coecum
into the Colon, which brought on convulsions, livid countenance,
inability of stool, and killed the child (Amyat’s) in 24 hours.
No. 69. s. A Bubonocele; case not known.
No. 70. Peritoneum as it covered the abdominal muscles on
the inside of Paupart’s ligament, and went out to form a hernial
sack which is now seen empty and open.
No. 71.5. The portion of Omentum which was contained in
this sack.
•
No. 72. 5. A portion of Ilium with its Mesentery on the lower
edge of the arch: the intestine is drawn out into a small bag,
round the beginning of which is a black circle; this bag was
formed from Hernia, and the black circle is the line of strangula-
tion: the patient died. (Marybone Workhouse.)
No. 73. 5. A portion of Omentum also marked with a black
line, and strangulated along wth the intestine in the above case.
No. 74. 5. The Peritoneum, as it formed a sack of a Hernia in
the groin, laid open: it is about five inches long, and two wide ;
Paupart s Ligament is seen at the upper edge on the forepart
and on the back part of the lower end is the testicle in its own
tunica vaginalis; the Epidydimis was in a state of suppuration at
the end next Vas Deferens,
No. 81. A Navel Rupture of the Omentum, from a very fat
Woman m the d.ssecting room ; the Navel is twenty times its
natural size ; the omentum was not strangulated; it seems to
ave been of long standing, and to have given little or no un-
No. 82 J. The Transverse Arch of the Colon adhering at one
part 0 the lower end of the Ilium : the adhesion is about an
inch long and half-an-inch in breadth; it is now untwisted, but
was bite twtned cord in the dead body ; it pressed on a portion
08
SMALL INTESTINKS.
of Ilium above, so as gradually to form a stricture there, which
frequently occasioned colicky pains, enlarged the intestine above
to twice its natural size, and at last strangulated it so as to kill.
(From a Woman in Great Windmill Street, — Mr. Naylor’s
patient.)
No. 83. d. The just-mentioned strangulated portion of Ilium,
which at one part is also ossified.
No. 84, 85. s. Two pieces of inflamed Jejunum, from the
Patient 82, 83 : wherever the intestines touch one another, there
the inflammation runs highest; and in the interstices, the intestine
looks almost sound, so that bands of inflammation are formed
according to the length of the gut, as if by adhesion the prevent-
ing the spreading of the Inflammation was intended: the prepara-
tion, yet recent, was immersed ten minutes in distilled vinegar to
arrest the blood in the vessels.
No. 86. s. A portion of Intestines still more inflamed, where
great exudation had taken place, and the gut appears covered
with coagulated lymph; from a boy in the dissecting-room; it
was put some hours into rectified spirits of wine, and is now dis-
tended with it.
No. 86. a. s. Ditto, from a patient who died purging. (West-
minster Hospital.)
No- 86. b. A portion of Intestine from a child unopened, and
two turns are seen glued together from the peritoneal inflam-
mation.
No. 86. c. s. A similar portion of the same Intestine ; shows
ditto.
No. 87. a. s. The termination of the Ilium in the Colon,
forming the valve of the Colon: here particularly large and loose,
and in the state in which it was found in a young lad who died
of peritoneal Inflammation; and in whom clysters thrown up by
rectum were, in a few minutes after, vomited by the mouth ; the
linseed oil, appearing on the surface of the matter vomited,
showed this.
SMALL INTESTINES.
69
No, 89. s. The Jejunum of a Child inverted, injected red;
the follicular appearance on the valvulae conniventes is probably
from scrophulous suppuration.
No. 90. 5. Two pieces of ulcerated Intestine, injected red,
from a child in the dissecting-room; inverted; the ulcers are
above an inch in length and half-an-inch broad ; the villous coat
is entirely destroyed here, and the injection appears at the ulcer-
ated mouths of the arteries.
No. 90. a. s. Ulceration in a portion of the same Intestine,
injected red; the ulcerated part is whiter than the rest, the in-
jection probably escaping as fast as it went in through the eroded
ends of the vessels.
No. 90. b. s. Ditto. /
No. 90. c. s. Ditto.
No 90. s. d. Ditto.
No. 92, 93. s. Two Ditto, from ditto; slit open showing ditto.
No. 93. a. A large portion of ulcerated Ilium slit open, at
entrance of Colon. (Mrs. Jenkinson.)
No. 93. b. Ditto.
No. 93. c. s. No. 93. d. s. Portions of the lower end of Ilium,
ulceration beginning in the Glandulie Agminatae, perhaps as
secretion is greater on these parts.
No. 94. a. 94. b. Ulcers of small Intestines. Dissecting-room.
No. 96. .s. A piece of ulcerated Intestine, injected red ; from
a child in the dissecting-room ; the ulceration in many places has
gone through and through the intestine, and some faeces were
found in the cavity of the abdomen.
No. 97, 98. 5. Portions of Intestine, inverted from the same
subject : from the appearance here it would seem they had been
once ulcerated and recovered ; the villous coat is gone in several
parts, but the surface is whole and smooth, though thin and
almost transparent.
70
GREAT INTESTINES.
No. 98. a. s. A portion of Jejunum, opened; an ylcer about
the size of the nail of one’s finger is seen on the inside, and at
the distance of two inches from it on the Mesentery is seen a swell*
ed Lymphatic Gland, the size of the first joint of one’s thumb.
No. 99> 100. s. Portions of the small Intestines and Mesen-
tery, injected red, from the patient JYo. 55, in the preparatiom of
the Stomach, <^ c. : the thickening of the mesentery with ulceration,
resembles Cancerous tumour more than any thing else; in the
recent dead body all was livid or black.
No. 101. 5. Portion of Intestine: man died of fever. On open-
ing the abdomen, there was every appearance of child-bed fever,
or abdominal inflammation: appearance preserved by spirits of
wine. (Almacks Servant.)
GREAT INTESTINES. R.
No. 1. s. A portion cf the Transverse Arch of the Colon,
moderately distended with spirits, about three inches in diame-
ter and seven inches long; it shows the sacculated appearance of
the Colon, owing to the three muscular longitudinal Bands pucker-
ing the gut longways.
No. 2. s. Ditto, the peritoneal coat removed off one side,
shows the muscular fibres on the sacculi, where the bands are
running, principally circular.
No. 4. 5. The Caput Coli, Appendix Cseci Vermiformis, with
the lower end of Ilium : these were previously distended with
spirits, and when hardened, a considerable portion was removed
on one side, to look on the entering of the Ilium into the Colon,
which is nearly at right angles; it has the appearance of contract-
ing and diffusing rather than of insertion into the Colon ; the vil-
lous coat of the Ilium seems reflected back on the Colon after its
entrance, which is by means of a slit in the direction of and as it
were between the circular fibres of the Colon, on the side next
Sacrum.
CHEAT INTESTINES,
71
No. 4. a. s. Ditto, treated exactly in the same way, and
showing same circumstances.
No. 5. s. The Caput Coli, Appendix Caeci Vermiformis, with
the lower end of Ilium, inverted, and distended with spirits; the
surface of the colon is puckered, but not villous.
No. 8. s. A portion of Colon inverted; the villous coat re-
moved, to show the circular muscular fibres.
^0. 9* s. Ditto, found in its state of peristaltic contraction, and
having little or no cavity.
No. 10. s. Ditto, found ditto; one-half opened, to show the
other almost without a cavity.
^o. 11. 5. Ditto, opened to show its internal coat thrown into
rugae like those of the stomach, in consequence of the contraction
of the muscular coat.
No. 12. 5. A portion of Colon, injected red; slit open : the
arteries form an appearance on the internal surface like those of
the Stomach, viz., a honeycomb-like surface.
No. 13,5. A portion of Colon, showing as No. 11 ; both show
the internal surface gently rugous, as if the contraction of the
muscular coat either had not taken place, or had been destroyed.
No. 14. 5. Ditto, injected red and slit open: the inner surface
very rugous, though not nearly so much as No. 11,
No. 16. i. Lower end of Ilium entering Colon, with Appendix
Caeci, injected red and yellow.
No. 17.5. The Colon of a Quadruped (supposed the Lion,)
injected red, and slit open ; the surface not rugous nor honey-
combed, but having long waving villi.
No. 18. 5. Lower end of Ilium and Caput Caeci; slit open ;
injected red: shows the entrance of ilium; a very glandular sur-
face both in ilium and colon: in the last the follicles are solitary,
as m No. 14, Glands, where this appearance is seen in the dog.
72
GREAT INTESTINES.
No. 18. a s. Lower end of Ilium, Caput Cseci, and Appendix
Cseci Vermiformis; slit open: the agminated glands of Ilium, and
the scattered ditto in Caecum, and particularly those in the appendix,
were exceedingly distinct when the preparation was first put into
spirits; still tolerably distinct in the appendix.
No. 19. s. The Rectum injected red, and slit open: the inner
surface thrown into gentle rugae, very irregular, like those of the
colon; the arteries also form the honeycomb-like appearance, and
there are a vast number of glandules solitariae.
No. 19. a. s. Ditto; rather more successfully injected.
No. 20. s. The Internal Coat of the Rectum, spread out on
blue paper, to show the follicles, which are exceedingly distinct,
and appear to be aggregates of six or seven follicles, though with
the common Glass they seemed single.
No. 21. s. The Internal Coat of the Rectum, (same as No. 20.)
No. 22. s. The lower end of Rectum, slit open and injected red:
shows it very vascular; shows all the follicles injected.
No. 22. a. s. The Rectum from an Adult slit open, and hardened
in alum and water ; shows vast numbers of distinct follicles (not
injected.)
No. 23. s. A portion of Colon, injected red: shows the glan-
dulse solitariae.
No. 23. a. s. Ditto, showing ditto; from a child.
No. 23. a. b. c. s. Tubes of Coagulable Lymph, from the in-
ternal surface of the Intestines: one portion, 23 c., being at right
angles to the other, shows it to be from the ilium entering the
Colon, (M. S.)
No. 24. d. Caecum, with the lower end of Ilium inflated and
dried: a portion of skin and hair adhering to the end of the
caecum, show that it had protruded in rupture, mortified, and
healed up. (Case published — London Medical Essays.)
GREAT INTESTINES.
7S
No.^ 25. s. Ulceration of the Colon; from the dissecting-room ;
the bristle passing across the opened intestine, shows rather where
the intestine had been ulcerated and healed again.
No. 25. a. s. Former Ulceration Ditto ; healed into stricture.
No. 25. b. s. Ulceration of Valve of the Colon ; from the
dissecting-room.
No. 25. c. 5. Ulceration and thickening of parts in the Coecum
and Appendix Coeci, which, with lower end of Ilium, are slit
open: it was bought at Falconer’s sale, and resembles dysenteric
intestines much.
No. 26, 27. 5. Ulceration Ditto, with seeming Ossification at
the same time. Case unknown.
No. 26. a. Ulceration of Colon.
No. 29, 30, 31, 5. Ulcer, with Stricture of the Sigmoid
Flexure of the Colon.
No. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. s. Small pieces of Ulcerating
Colon; the ulceration seems to begin always in a follicle, or
amongst a cluster of follicles. (Dr. Stark.)
No. 35. a. 5. A small portion of Intestine, cut open, showing
a small excrescence.
No. 39.^. A considerableportion of Ulcerated Colon, injected red.
No. 39. a. b. c. d. s. Ulceration, with Sloughing in the Colon:
(dissecting-room, 1778.)
No. 41, s. Diseased piece of Colon. (Dr. Stark.)
• P°' ’■ Co'o" fro™ > P“Wioan
.n Piccadilly: 44 and 45 came away in a dysentery he had, and
recovered! 43 is the colon, two years afterwards, when he died-
44 and 45 seem to be portions of the internal coat ulcerated off,
43 does not, however, explain this exfoliation, but appears rareed
and ulcerated, with stricture at one place.
74
GREAT INTESTINES.
No. 46, 47. 5. Two portions of Colon from a Dysenteric Patient
(Dr. Woolaston) ; the surface seems covered with a praeternatural
growth and enlargement of rugaj rather than ulceration. As the
colour is different, however, in different places, it is probable that
the whitest consists of granulations, and the yellow is the old
surface not yet destroyed by ulceration.
No. 46. a. s. Portion of the Colon from a Dysenteric Patient,
with large ulcers on the inner coat.
No. 46. b. c. d. Portions of the same Intestine, showing ditto.
No. 46. e. s. A portion of the same Intestine, with ulcers along
the valvulse conniventes, and bristles passed through some of them ;
from the same patient.
No, 46. Portion of large Intestines, very much ulcerated,
from a Dysenteric Patient. (Dissecting room.)
No. 48. A portion of Colon from a Dysenteric Patient (Dr.
Starke) ; the same appearance, but in a less degree than in
No. 46. s.
No, 49, 50. Diseased portions of Colon from a Hypochon-
driac Patient (Mr. Dhal, Painter); those at the beginning of
colon are in a sloughing state, seemingly lost ; show the intestine
just beginning to change.
No. 52. s. A Rectum on which as imperforate, Mr. Bromfield
and Mr. Hewson performed the operation for imperforate rectum.
No. 52. a. s. A Rectum in situ, put up to show Procidentia
Ani ; of course the anus itself remains entire, it seems to be the
external Coat only which becomes loose and oedematous, and pro-
lapses. It is only incipient, as the tuberculated portions do not
project above i of an inch.
No. 53. s. Ulceration, with stricture of the Rectum. (Case Dr.
Hunter’s.)
No. 53. a. 5. A Stricture of the Sigmoid Flexure of the Colon,
attended with Schirrus.
GKEAT INTESTINES.
75
No. 54. s. Ditto, from a Woman. Uterus is seen on the
forepart.
No. 55. s. Uncommon surfaces, remains probably of some
disease.
No. 55. a. s. Stricture of the Rectum about three inches above
the anus. Lord T. — above a year’s standing — dreadful case.
(Dr. H.)
No. 56. 5. Ulceration of the Rectum in several parts ; holes
are formed through and through, and the uppermost one com-
municates with the Bladder, so that faeces passed by the penis.
(Shoemaker’s case. Dr. H.)
Jso. 57. s. Cancer of the Rectum about three inches above the
verge of the Anus : the disease extends even to Sigmoid flexure
of the Colon; came on with Tenesmus; continued two years,
and killed the patient, not with very great pain, but teasing as it
were : towards the end he became leucophlegmatic, and had water
in chest and abdomen; used Cicuta, &c. in. vain. (Case Mr.
Cruickshank’s patient, Faulkner.)
No. 58. s. Stricture, with Ulcer of the Rectum three inches
above the verge of the Anus ; the faeces used to be accumulated
so above this Stricture that Rectum is here dilated to three times
Its size. (Case, Mr. Lee from Edinburgh, now in America. Mr.
Jackson at Knightsbridge.)
No. 59. 5. Portion of Rectum from a Man who had Stricture
of the (Esophagus, and had long been fed by Clysters ; the ap-
pearance is very like disease, yet the patient complained not of
Rectum : could it be in consequence of the new stimulus of food
there ? it looks like enlargement of the Follicles, as if they could
absorb.
No. 59. a. s. A portion of Colon inverted, showing internal Coat
projecting much more than natural, and much inflamed. From
the dissecting room.
No. 60. ». The Anus, from an adult body from the dissectine
room i shows also Perinsum ; round the verge of the Anus some
70
WORMS.
piles are opened, and appear to be Varicose Veins, on the little
Valvulse within the Anus elongated; two bristles also point out
two fistulous orifices leading to an ulcerated Cavity on the fore
part of the Rectum, and diverging thence towards each tuberosity
of the Ischium.
No. 60. a.s. Shows appearance blind piles unopened.
No. 60. b.s. Ditto, showing particular processes like small Val-
vulse Conniventes within the anus, which, distended, become Piles.
No. 61. s. A Stricture of Sigmoid Flexure of the Colon;
one half of Uterus is preserved.
No. 61. a s. The Rectum of the Woman, who had the Foetus
in her Ovarium, exceedingly ulcerated ; two fistulous openings
from vagina into rectum are seen ; two orifices are also seen
leading from rectum into the cavity of the pelvis, so that faeces
either passed, or would soon have passed that way.
No. 62. s, A Rectum slit open, whose internal surface is ex-
ceedingly ragged from ulceration. Case not known.
No. 64. Herniary sac laid open to show colon protruded, (not
described in Hunterian MSS.)
WORMS. Q.
No. 1. s. Ascarides from the human subject, floating about : the
longest of them is not more than half-an-inch ; the head is rather
blunter than the tail, which is long and small ; the diameter of
the animal is not more than l-64th of an inch.
No. 3, 4, 5. s. Specimens of the Teres, — No. 5, from a child
who had no symptoms of worms.
No. 6. s, A Teres, opened at one part to show the internal
parts a little.
WORMS.
77
JNo. 7. 5. Ditto, opened its whole length; the internal parts,
floating loose, seem, from analogy with other insects, to be uterus
and vas deferens, with penis, so that the animal is a hermaphrodite.
No. 7. a. 5. Ditto, Ditto.
No. 8. s. A Tape Worm, with small joints, coiled up to the
quantity of a yard or so.
No. 9« s. Ditto, with small joints also ; same quantity ; these
two brown or yellowish.
No. 10. s. Ditto, joints a little broader, colour white.
No. 11. 5. Ditto, joints also broader, colour yellow.
No. 12. s. Ditto, some joints very narrow, other very broad:
yellowish.
No. 13. a. s. A quantity of a narrow Tape worm; many of the
joints small, others broad, colour yellowish.
No. 14. St Ditto, broad, yellowish ; small quantity.
No. 15. s. Ditto, very broad joints, and considerable length.
No. 16. 5. Ditto, very fine specimen, large quantity of joints, in
general broad, colour yellowish.
No. 17. s. Ditto, white.
No. 18. s. Ditto, white; in these two last very broad joints.
No. 19. s. One from Sardinian Ambassador, (Sir John Elliot.)
In some parts the joints intermit, and are connected by a filament
on each side only; the bristles show this passed between.
No. 20. s. Worm from America, mentioned in the Medical
Observations of London, (doubtful.)
No. 21. 5. A portion of a Tapeworm with the arborescent ves-
sels of its joints filled with a light brown fluid.
No. 22. s. A Tape Worm from the Salmon; entire, head well
seen: was quite alive when found on dividing a very fine fish
taken in the Forth 36 hours before. (Presented by Professor
John Couper.)
Intestinal Worms, (not numbered.)
78
llEAKT.
HEART. S.
No. 1. 5. A male child at birth (but still born) injected from
the umbilical cord ; the anterior parietes of the Thorax and Ab-
domen are removed to show the viscera of both cavities in their
situation, from before.
No. 2. s. A female Ditto ; the posterior parietes of Thorax
and Abdomen are removed to give a back view of the contents of
both cavities.
No. 3. s. A male child at seven months, treated as No. 1. to
show ditto ; shows also the Testes on each side of the bladder,
not yet descended into the scrotum.
No. 3. b. A view of the Heart, and other Viscera of a Slink
Calf.
No. 3. c. A view of the Viscera in a child injected, with the
bag of a Spina Bifida laid open.
No. 6. s. The contents of the Thorax with the Liver, from a
child at birth : a portion of the lungs on the right side is removed
to show the better the Thymus Gland and right auricle of the
heart ; the lungs are injected with tallow, the arteries red; spine
not removed.
No. 7. s. Ditto, with the Larynx and Thyroid Gland; the lungs
injected red, no liver, and the spine is moved to show de-
scending Aorta.
No. 10. s. The contents of the Thorax and Abdomen from a
Foetus, at three months; intended principally to show that the
auricles are larger in proportion to the ventricles than in the adult,
and that the right and left auricles touch one another before, and
quite surround the upper anterior parts of both ventricles ; the
lungs also are at a greater distance before, and leave the heart
quite exposed on the right particularly ; the Thymus is now
smaller in proportion to the heart than afterwards.
HEAR'!'.
7y
No. 10. a, s. The Viscera of the Thorax and abdomen exposed
in a Fcetus of three months; the auricles of the heart are much
larger, in proportion to the ventricles, than in the adult ; the left
auricle touches by its edge the apex of the heart; the right ap-
pears bifid, consisting of an upper and under half; the liver larger
than all the other viscera put together ; the spine behind very
beautiful.
No. 12. s- The heart of an adnit (Hoquet) hardened in spirits
and injected red; the ventricles afterwards cut away to show their
fasciculated structure; the carneae columnae and chordae tendincae,
with the valves of the ventricles, preventing the blood’s return
into the auricles ; the valves of the aorta, and pulmonary artery
are also seen preventing the blood’s return into the ventricles ; the
left coronary artery is seen coming off a great way above the
valves.
No. 13. s. The heart of a Boy about twelve years old treated
in the same way, that is, filled with size, hardened in spirits, and
then cut open ; the size removed to show the internal structure
of auricles and ventricles, with the exit of the great vessels.
No. 13. a, s. A most beautiful ditto ; adult ; shows ditto.
No. 24. s. The heart of the Turtle, treated in the style of No.
13, showing two auricles, and a kind of single ventricle; two aortae
behind the pulmonary artery arise from this ventricle, which,
however, is not single at the lower part ; quills are introduced
into the pulmonary veins.
No. 24. c. (Not described.)
No. 25. s. The right auricle of the heart in the adult treated
as No. 13; the Cava inferior, from its exit from that auricle to
about four inches down, slit open to show the valvula nobilis sive
Eustachii, also the fasciculated structure of the inner ^surface of
the auricle.
No. 26. s. Ditto, showing valve in the middle, i of an inch
broad.
No. 27. s. Ditto from a Child, showing Valve putting on the
appearance of Brussels Lace, as delineated by Eustachius.
80
HEART.
No. 28. s. The heart of a Child, filled with Size coloured with
Vermillion ; the right auricle is removed to show the Foramen
Ovale covered with a thin membrane, loose only at the upper
edge, and so placed that the blood of the right auricle only can
pass it, that of the left shutting it close.
No. 29. s. Ditto, auricles removed, the Septum only remaining,
and Foramen Ovale seen from either side ; ventricles also open
show the Septum thin at one place.
No. 29> a. The heart of a Foetus about seven months. Fora-
men Ovale covered with Brussels Lace like Membrane; also not
hitherto described Foramen Ovale between the right and left
ventricles, just in the upper edge of the Septum, where it appears
thin and transparent in 29*
No. 30. s. Ditto, uninjected, both auricles and ventricles slit
open to show Ditto.
No. 31. s. Ditto, ditto, both auricles removed ; the valve of the
Foramen Ovale appears as transparent as a spider’s weh nearly.
No. 32. s. The Septum Auriculorum from an adult, showing
Foramen Ovale open, and a goose quill in the passage.
No. 33. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto, the opening not so wide.
No. 35. The aorta as it comes out of the heart (with a portion
of the carnese columnae and valvulae mitrales) cut open to show its
valves.
No. 36. s. A large Carnea Columna passing between the two
sides of the right ventricle in a Bullock : the foramina Thebesii on
that column injected with mercury, and communicating with the
coronary veins.
No 47. a. s. A heart injected green, suspended by its nerves.
No. 54. s. The heart of a young nobleman who had black fits,
and died about twelve years of age : the pulmonary artery is ex-
ceedingly small, as is the right ventricle of the heart; the Ductus
HEART.
Arteriosus and Foramen Ovale are both open; the branches of
the artery which go into the lungs are barely large enough to
keep up a circulation there. ^
No. 53. a. A portion of the right Ventricle of the Heart from
an oW man who married his maid, and died suddenly the first
night after; the ventricle appears ruptured large enough to admit
ones thumb.
No. 56. s. A portion of the lefi Ventricle of the heart, with
Aorta sht open to show one of the Semilunar valves ruptured.
No. 37. a. The Aorta Ascendens slit open to show its inner
one of th™t ‘fi? of a small walnut;
one of these had burst, and the patient died of internal hemorr-
hage into the cavity of the chest as well as the pericardium.
No. 38. a. A Polypus in the right Ventricle of the heart, of a
very large size. ^
No. 59 s. The Apex of the Heart adhering to the Pericai-
lum, and this last to the Pleura lining the chest, by a broad
adhesion however, and which admitted of the heart’s iLtion- a
porUon of lungs adjoined shows the patient to have been phthisical •
their outer surface is much covered with coagulated lymph.
No. 62. s A similar Crust not injected, adhering to pericar-
dium internally, from another subject. ^
brane' t ^ “ ^ind of liiem-
brane, which on its outer side looks villous, like the inner surface
of the Intestine in the Cod ; in some places it resembles the
inner surface of the Gall bladder. tosenibles the
oi.fh“y fhi:-ck“:™’
No. 66. s A very large 0.ssification in the substance of the
heart, round the mouth of the left ventricle ; from a fat woman
whom the arteries of the uterus and brain were also ossified.
No. 67. s. A Heart turned out of its pericardium; there was
surface /h r,T “S wears by the ragged
aces of both heart and pericardium, which naturally are smooth.
Tu
LUNGS.
No. 68. s. The Carpenter’s Heart, who in dovetailing a bit
of wood, run the chisel through the Septum ventriculorum, and
died suddenly.
No. 69. s. The right ventricle of the Heart from an adult,
(who died in Westminster Hospital,) covered externally with a
very thick crust of coagulated lymph.
No. 70. s. The same crust investing Pericardium internally.
No. 71. 72. s. Portions Ditto, peeled off from the forenamed
surfaces.
No. 71. a. Ditto.
No. 74. s. A portion of Auricle from a Child’s Heart, covered
with coagulating lymph.
No. 75. s. Portions of the same Heart, with the inflammatory
Crust injected; in 74, as it covered the Auricle, and in 75, as it
covered the ventricle, both turned up.
No. 76. Similar crust turned up from ventricle of heart, (not
described.)
No. 77. s. An Oyster, showing its heart consisting of a single
Auricle and Ventricle.
No. 78. s. A Thymus Gland rather of a large size.
LUNGS. T.
No. 6. s. The Lungs of a Foetus injected red, to show that they
consist of a right and left lobe, and that these again are subdivided,
the right into three lesser lobes and the left into two ; that they are
generally convex on the outside, adapting themselves to the cavity
of the chest ; that there is a space left behind for the spine which
lies between them; that they are hollowed on their internal side
to make room for the heart and its great vessels; and that there is
a niche in the lower anterior edge of the left lobe for the apex of
the heart.
LUNGS.
S3
No. 7. s, Ditto, with a portion of the heart.
No. 8. s. The left lobe of the Lungs in a child about 3 or 4
years old, injected red.
No. 9* s. Ditto, from a child at birth, highly injected red; the
pleura turned down to show the investing membrane of the lungs.
No. 10. s. The Lungs of the Pigeon where there is no pleura;
or where if it exists it is perforated by a infinite number of holes,
so that such lungs cannot be distended without inflating the cavity
of the chest and abdomen also : the bristles show that the prin-
cipal branches of the Trachea are open towards the abdomen.
No. 11. d. Pleura as it covers the chest, injected red, and ex-
ceedingly vascular: the vessels of this membrane do not in general
admit either red blood or coloured injection; it is spread on blue
paper and varnished.
No. 12. 5. The Os Hyoides, Larynx, and Trachea for some
way through the lungs — a beautiful preparation : the branches of
the bronchial artery are seen on the lower part; before the
Trachea is principally cartilaginous, behind membranous.
No. 13, 5. The same preparation, with the CEsophagus and
Pharynx, hardened in spirits in its natural situation.
No. 15. The Larynx from an adult, with the Os Hyoides : in
a fore view are seen the Epiglottis above, next the os hyoides,
then the thyroid cartilage, and lowest the narrow part of the cri-
coid; behind the principal objects are the arytaenoid cartilages
standing on the basis of the cricoid.
No. 15. s. Ditto, from Ditto.
No. 16. Ditto, from a Child, the Epiglottis and Arytenoid
Cartilages are wanting.
No. 17- s. The Cricoid Cartilage, with the Aryttenoid only,
mak,ng pr.nc,pa ly the lower posterior part of Larynx: all these
Td hi T” i" ™ler till the muscles
and blood were perfectly dissolved and washed away.
LUNGS.
S-1
No. 18. A'. The Larynx opened on the forepart: shows the inner
surface of the Trachea porous ; it is supposed that these pores
are the orifices of the follicles which secrete the bronchial mucus.
No. 18. a. Larynx cut open showing the Sacculi laryngis.
No. 20. s. The Larynx of the Porpoise.
No. 21. s. Ditto, in the Turtle.
No. 22. s. The anterior cartilaginous part of the Trachea
removed so that two cartilaginous rings remain, one at top, the
other at bottom merely to show that it was a tube; the inter-
mediate cartilages are cut out a little way from the membranous
part, so as to look upon the ends of divided cartilages, and to give
an idea of a number of species: the porous inner membrane is also
seen.
No. 23. s. A ring of the Trachea cartilaginous before and on
the sides, membranous or rather muscular behind; the cartilagi-
nous part makes nearly the half of an ellipse, the posterior part
passes in a straight line from the ends of the cartilage, like a
string of a bent bow; and thus through the whole Trachea.
No. 24. s. The same kind of preparation as 22, only at the
bifurcation of the Trachea, to show the arrangement of the cartila-
ges at that place.
No. 26. s. A section of the Trachea of a Horse: the cartila-
ginous rings go quite round, and lap over, but lie loosely con-
nected by a loose cellular membrane ; the inner surface has a
pretty thick mucous membrane, (turned down,) and a muscular
whose fibres are principally longitudinal.
No. 27. s. Two rings from the Trachea of an Ass; the car-
tilages go more round than in the human, and the posterior mem-
branous part is not ^ of an inch broad.
No. 28. s. A portion of the Horse’s Trachea as it gets more
into the substance of the Lungs: the cartilages degenerate into
membranes or ligamentous substance; the muscular fibres on the
inside appear also longitudinal.
LUNGS.
85
No. 29. A-. The Trachea of the Turtle, at its bifiurcation : the
cartilages go quite round and form one complete ellipse. In all
these Tracheae, the cartilages are moveable on one another, and
united by a ligamentous or rather an elastic condensed cellular
membrane.
No. 30. s. The Lungs of a Foetus, with the Heart, about 4
months old; the substance of the Lungs here appears made up of
a vast number of lesser lobules, circumscribed by transparent lines
so as to give the appearance of a cauliflower top.
No. 31. s. The Trachea with its branches in the calf after the
surrounding parenchyma had been destroyed by maceration in
water : what is now visible is not materially different from the
ramification of an artery or vein.
No. 32. s. Ditto, after injection of its branches with red wax;
at the extremities of the smallest branches appear small grains;
these are a congeries of cells, as will appear presently.
No. 33. s. Ditto, Ditto, less macerated, the pleura merely de-
stroyed with the connecting cellular membrane, to show the lesser
lobules or clusters of cells into which the extreme branches of the
Trachea are divided.
No. 33. a. s. A portion of the Lungs of a Slink Calf resolved
into its constituent lesser lobules by maceration in water, the
vessels injected red, very beautiful.
No. 33. d. s. Ditto, injected red, not so minutely divided by
maceration. ^
No. 34. 5. Ditto, the air cells as well as the bronchial artery
injected red, in the style of 31.
No. 34. b. The Trachea of a child at birth ; the trunks of the
bronchial artery, injected red, and of a considerable size, dried
and on blue paper.
No. 34). c. s. A portion of the Trachea near the surface of the
Lungs in the Slink Calf after maceration; the branches of the
bronchial artery curling along those of the Trachea are ex-
tremely beautiful.
8(5
No. 34. d. s. Ditto, whole, showing Ditto ; the nerves are seen
also running along with the arteries.
No. 34. e. Ditto, of the Slink Calf, minutely injected and put
into Oil of turpentine; two small branches of the artery may be
seen running along the edges of each cartilaginous ring so as to
be parallel to each other, having between them an irregularly
waving branch running upon the rings ; these all anastomose
with each other, forming a most elegant irregular network of
vessels.
No. 34:. f. Portion of a Trachea from a Slink Calf dried, show-
ing very minute vessels running parallel to each other, and anas-
tomosing together.
No. 35. t. The Lungs of a Frog injected red, and after injec-
tion, and drying, cut open ; each lung is a bladder which on the
inside is formed into cells like a honeycomb ; it gives the most
simple idea of lung; the substance of the lungs is as thin as a
spider’s web almost.
No. 36. 5. One half of the Lung of the Turtle after the pul-
monary artery had been injected red, and to great minuteness ; in
this preparation the Trachea and its branches are divided longi-
tudinally, and the whole seems to be a cellular network or sponge ;
on the posterior side some absorbents are filled with mercury, but
do not appear unless held between you and the light, from the
thickness and opacity of the pleura.
No. 37. t. Both halves Ditto; dried from a young Turtle; this
preparation was put up by Dr. Hunter 35 years ago, with the fol-
lowing ; they have not evaporated.
No. 38. t. A small portion of Ditto; also a piece of child’s In-
testine beautifully injected red, coiled on itself in the distended
state.
No. 39. t. Ditto, from a large Turtle: the cells are in pro-
portion larger so as to equal, if not surpass those of a honey-
comb ; nothing can be more vascular.
No. 39. a. Not described.
No. 40. t. A smaller piece. Ditto.
LUNGS.
87
No, 41. A piece Ditto, uninjected, slit open to look on the
network of cells.
No. 42. s. A portion of human Lungs, the air cells filled with
mercury, to show their size on the surface of the Lungs; they are
smaller far than the finest pin’s head.
No. 45. t. A portion of Porpoise Lung, in the style of 42; the
celLs much larger, perhaps four times larger than in it.
No. 46. t. Ditto.
No. 47. i. Portion of the Lungs of a Lion: the pulmonary
.artery had been injected; in the style also of 42; air-cells six
or eight times larger.
No. 48. t. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
No. 49. t. Portion of the Tiger’s Lungs, treated in the same
way; the cells much larger than the Lion’s.
No. 52. t. A portion of the Antelope’s Lungs, in the style of
42 : the air cells like those in the human lungs.
No. 53. t. Portion of the Lungs of a Sheep, Ditto ; air cells
smaller even than in the human.
No. 54. t. Ditto, Calf ; air cells very small.
No. 55. 56. t. Portion of Cat’s Lungs; air cells filled with mer-
cury and very large.
No. 56. a. t. Portion of the Lungs of the Leopard, the Trachea
injected with mercury; the air cells are less than in the Tiger or
Lion: it was steeped previously in spirit of wine.
No. 63. 64. 65. s. Portions of the Lungs of a Child still-born,
the arteries injected red, the veins black, and the Trachea yellow;
the last colour takes the lead.
No. 93. a. s. A Lobe of the Lungs of a child at birth, injected
red to great minuteness.
No. 65. a. Portion of the Lungs of a Foetus, the arteries
injected red, veins black.
88
LUNGS.
No. 66. Awanting.
No. 67. s.
j- A longitudinal
section of the Trachea from
the Epiglottis to the bifurcation within the Lungs: it is divided into
an anterior and posterior half, the Thyroid gland is also divided
in the same manner, the GEsophagus is with 66 which is the pos-
terior half, and the Aorta is with 67 the anterior. The Trachea
below the Larynx appears internally diseased, the surface being
granulated and projecting into the cavity of the Trachea; this
appearance is continued down two or three inches: the cartilages
of the Larynx are ossified, and its sides at the Sacculi Laryngis
almost touch one another. The Thyroid gland is enlarged to
four or five times its size, and below the Thyroid gland, over the
arch of the aorta and behind the first bone of the Sternum is a
mass of Schirrous Lymphatic glands, surrounding almost the Tra-
chea, and projecting So much as to have occasioned a sense of
almost constant suflfocation; the disease was of one year standing,
and killed the patient, (Holbum, Mr. Neilson’s patient.)
No. 66. a. s. The Gills of a Cod injected red to great minute-
ness: the blood vessels must in a manner be in contact with the
water; they run first longitudinally and then send off innumerable
small branches to each side at right angles to the former.
No. 66. b. s. Ditto, a smaller portion.
No. 68. s. A Polypus coughed up from the Lungs, and imitating
the branches of the Trachea.
No. 69. s. Two Ditto, still more perfect imitations.
No. 70. s. The Trachea of a child who died of the Croup or
Cynanche Stridulosa; the posterior half is turned down to show
the coagulable lymph plugging up the Trachea entirely.
No. 72. s. Two pieces of coagulable lymph putting on the
appearance of tubes coughed up from the lungs.
No. 73. s. Mr. H ’s Trachea slit open to show the inner
surface inflamed: he died of an attack of the gout on the Stomacli
and Lungs; the blood was arrested in the inflamed vessels by ten
minutes immersion in distilled vinegar.
rjjNGs,
SO
No. 75. 5. The Coagulating Lymph, forming a crust on the
pleura, and making it appear J of an inch thick ; from a patient who
died of the Empyema.
No. 75. a. s. A portion of the Lungs from a patient who had
general inflammation of the Thorax : the lungs are encrusted both
on the side next the heart, and on that next the ribs with thick
coagulable lymph.
No. 76. s. A portion of Lungs from a consumptive patient: the
branches of the Trachea in many places removed by ulceration,
the matter had found its way into the cavity of the chest, and then
formed Empyema; the lungs are connected to the ribs by a thick-
ened membrane, originally lymph, now carrying red vessels.
No. 77. A portion of Lungs on the outside of the Pericardium
near the Diaphragm; the patient died of Empyema, and the
matter was beginning to ulcerate the external surface of the Lungs
in the places marked by bristles. (Mr. Neilson’s patient, and Dr.
Watson’s, Lincoln’s Inn fields.)
No. 78. a. s. A portion of Lungs on the surface of which the
small beginnings of Tubercles are seen ; they are certainly cheesy
like the Scrophulous absorbent glands.
No. 78. b, s. Ditto ; a large branch of the Trachea cut open,
which communicated with a collection of Pus near the lower part
of the Lungs; the condensed Tubercles are seen in other parts.
No. 79- s. Ditto; Tubercles still distinct but in vast numbers,
the Lungs injected red, and some Lymphatics on the outside.
No. 80. 5. Ditto ; a large portion of Tubercles universal, and
making the lungs as solid as a piece of liver; the air cells are seen
empty in many places.
No. 81. Still more diseased, and cavities from ulceration
beginning to be formed.
No. 81. a. .s. A farther continuation of 81.
M
90
LIVKU.
No. 82. s. A Sternum and intercostal muscles with the car-
tilages of the ribs ulcerated from vicinity, or continuation of
the process of disease in the Lungs.
No. 83. s. Tubercles in the Lungs of the size of walnuts, truly
scrophulous, but it is the pulpy scrophulous tumour, not the
cheesy one ; this patient lost both limbs from similar tumours on
them, and at the time he died, had his left arm in the same situa-
tion, though the absorbent glands were not affected. (Mr.
Watson’s patient, Westminster Hospital.)
No. 84. s. A portion of the Trachea and CEsophagus from a
consumptive child, injected for blood vessels in Spring, 1778;
the Lungs were exceedingly ulcerated, and a cavity thus formed
in the lungs has made its way also into CEsophagus behind them,
destroying its anterior part for more than two inches.
No. 85. s. A portion of the left lobe of the Lungs from an
adult, with a Scrophulous Tumour as big as a child’s head at
birth, which compressed them, so that no air passed into them;
the tumour was painful and killed the patient. (Dr. J. Jebbs,
Westminster.)
No. 86. A portion of liungs consolidated into a mass like the
Liver, where of course the air cells were nearly obliterated : from
a woman in the dissecting room.
LIVER. U.
No. 1. s. The Liver and Gall bladder of a child at birth, highly
Injected red : to show its shape, that it is convex before and con-
cave behind, and divided into tw'o lobes, a large one the right,
and a lesser one the left; and that the Galt bladder lies in a
bed on the concave side of the great lobe near its lower edge.
No. 1. a. s. The Liver and Gall bladder of a child at birth ;
peritoneal coat removed ; very red.
LIVEK.
f)l
No. 3. s. A portion of the Liver from an adult; the peritoneal
coat and its own coat are turned down at one place, and floating
in the spirits.
No, 4. 5. Ditto, showing ditto, more distinctly.
No. 4. a. Ditto, Liver injected, not distinct.
No. 5. s. The Liver of a Foetus about six months; the arteries
injected black show these coats exceedingly vascular.
No. 6. s. A portion of the Liver of a child injected red ; it
looks like a lump of vermilion from its vascularity; one set of
vessels onlj’^ were injected, viz: the vena portarum system, but
from the branches of the cava perhaps, the Pori Biliarii, and even
the arteries are injected.
No. 7. s. Ditto, ditto, redder if possible than the former.
No. 8. s, A portion of Liver from a child some years after
birth, in which the Ductus Venosus being impervious, probably only
the branches of the Vena Portarum are injected; they form a
kind of network in the Liver, inclosing round uninjected portions.
No. 8. a. Portions of a Cat’s Liver injected red, from Vena
Portarum ; the minute glandular part appears as a net work in
scattered spots, at pretty regular distances.
No. 23. s. A Gall Bladder inverted and distended in spirit ;
<0 show the inner surface fasciculated like that of the stomach,
and putting on a honeycomb appearanc.
No. 24. s. Ditto, cut open, one half turned down to show ditto.
^0. 25. s. One half Ditto, where the rugae are very remarka-
ble, and make it probable that this surface secretes like that of the
intestines.
No, 26. s. The same preparation as 23, showing Ditto.
No. 27. s. Ditto, from a child, injected red and exceedingly
vascular.
,<>•2
UVEK.
No. 28. s. Ditto, from a very young Foetus, still more vascular,
injected red ; both inverted and cut open.
No. 29. s. The Gall Bladder, Ductus Cysticus, Ductus Hep-
aticus, and Ductus Communis Choledochus, with the beginning of
the Duodenum all slit open ; to show the internal surface of the
first, which is honeycombed and fasciculated; a bit of black stick
is introduced into the opening of the Gall Duct into the intestine.
No. 32. s. A portion of the Duodenum and Gall Duct in the
Elephant, to show its size and entrance into the intestine; this
animal has no Gall bladder.
No. 33. s. A portion of the Liver of a child at birth, with the
Gall Duct and beginning of the Duodenum, injected red; to show
that there was no Gall bladder, but that the human animal here
resembled the quadruped.
Nos. 36. 37. 38. s. Pieces of Liver from a highly jaundiced sub-
ject; there is a granulated appearance every where resembling the
Tubercles of the Lungs ; according to some anatomists these are
scirrhous enlarged Follicles.
No. 36. a. Hydatids (not described ; uterine?)
No. 38. a. t. A portion of Mr. K ’s Liver, who died drop-
sical; it cut like cartilage, was white and tuberculated; the absor-
bents on its surface very large, one of these almost the size of a
goose quill, is seen full of mercury. He drank hard, and had been
very strong, was also a few months before in full vigour as a man.
Nos. 39* 42. s. Hydatids from the human Liver, the size of goose-
berries or currants.
No. 43. s. Ditto, the size of a peach.
No. 45. a. A Cyst laid open, containing Hydatids and a brown
membrane, probably coagulated lymph.
No. 45. s. A portion of Liver cut open to show a Cyst con-
taining a membrane probably the coagulable lymph of the blood,
as in inflammation of the Pleura, &c.
UVEE.
9S
No. 46. 5. Ditto, ditto, shows two such cysts about the size of
peaches.
No. 47. s. Ditto, ditto, shows a cyst with the same kind of
lining as 45, of the size of a child’s head.
Nos. 47. a. 47. b. 47. c. Cysts from the Liver of a patient who
died in the London Hospital : they were full of scrophulous matter,
the last contained purer pus, and there is a deposition of earthy
matter on the sides of the first and second; ulceration was also
taking place in the last one.
Nos. 47. d. 47 • e. 47 ‘f. Portions of Diaphragm from the same
patient, encrusted with coagulable lymph to a great degree; 47 •J^
has also a portion of the Liver, covered with the same crust.
No. 47. s. A portion of a gentlewoman’s Gall Bladder, who
died in Portman square; the gall stones ulcerated their way
through the Bladder, and the bile was poured out into the abdo-
men.
No. 47. h. A Gall Bladder ulcerated at the posterior part,
by which the Bile was effused into the neighbouring part of the ab-
domen: Ductus Cysticus is entirely obliterated and Choledochus
of a smaller size than usual ; there is also a small ulceration in
the stomach near pylorus; dissecting room.
No. 48. s. A quantity of the newly formed membrane above
mentioned, from a Cyst in the Liver; that part of the Gall Blad-
der which adheres to the Liver is seen on the posterior part of
this membrane, to show that the Cyst was near that part.
No. 49. s. A Gall Stone about the size of a common Hen’s
egg, filling up almost the whole cavity of the Gall Bladder, one-
half of which is removed to show this ; the Ductus Cysticus is
kept open by a quill.
No. 49. a. A Gall Stone the size of a hazel nut, seen in the
Ductus Communis Choledochus, about half an inch from its
opening into Duodenum; Ductus Hepaticus and Cysticus are, as
well as Choledochus, very much distended.
SPLEEN.
No. 50. One thousand and seveuly-four Gall Stones of difl’erent
sizes, forming thirteen rows of about ten inches long each, spread
on white paper ; the smallest form three circular planes at the
bottom; they are gummed to the paper, and were taken from a
patient who died of a flooding, and had no jaundice.
No. 50. a. A very considerable number of black Gall Stones
from one Gall Bladder.
No. 51. s. The Gall Bladder thickened, and contracted close
upon a stone of the size of a cherry, and of a brown colour; one
side is removed to show this.
No. 51. a. s. A Gall Bladder exceedingly contracted with the
Ductus Cysticus, Hepaticus, and Choledochus, somewhat en-
larged: a portion of Duodenum is preserved.
No. 52. a. A Gall Bladder laid open, showing a white Gall
Stone in the beginning of Ductus Cysticus, and the muscular
fibres uncommonly strong and fasciculated
No. 58. s. A Gall Stone in the Ductus Communis Choledo-
chus, which is slit open to show that.
Nos. 59* 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. s. Gall Bladders more or less
filled with Gall stones, some of them enlarged in size, others con-
tracted, with the Ductus Cysticus, Ductus Hepaticus and Ductus
Communis Choledochus, considerably distended beyond their
common diameter.
SPLEEN. V.
No. 1. s. The Spleen and pancreas of a Child, the Artery injected
red, the Vein yellow ; it shows the shape of the spleen, which re-
sembles the segment of an orange, viz: has one convex side, and
two nearly flat or concave, and three sharp edges; the blood vessels
enter on the middle edge, which in the body is turned upwards and
forwards; of the other two edges one is upwards, and the other
.SPLEEN.
95
down, speaking of the body supine: the vessels running to the
spleen, lie in a groove in the upper edge of the pancreas.
No. 2. s. The Spleen of a Foetus minutely injected red, to
show that it is exceedingly vascular. In No. 5, of the Glands the
spleen was said to have pencils on its external surface; with a deeper
magnifier the arterial branches seem more like the crypto of the
kidney.
No. 3. The Spleen of a little Child, injected red, and macera-
ted m water, shows its floating vessels very minute in the style of
Ruysch.
No. 3. a. Ditto.
_ No. 4. The Spleen of an Adult, (rather small,) the arteries
injected red and the Capsula removed: it is macerated in water,
and shows the floating extremities of the arteries; these seem very
like cryptaj. ^
No. 4. a. A Spleen from a Child, with its vessels minutely in-
jected and unravelled.
. Spleen of a Calf, the capsula removed off one
side ; It has been macerated in water, and shows vast numbers of
floating vessels.
No. 7. 5. Ditto, ditto, injected by the artery red, and treated
as No. 6; shows ditto.
No. 8. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto, exceedingly beautiful, the branches
of the artery are corroded : shews round bodies of the size of pin
heads, which from their resemblance to the crypt® of the kidney,
as well as from the appearance of some of them, are probably
convoluted arteries ; the reticular substance commonly supposed
vein, appears white, and from the cut extremities is evidently not
No. 10. t. The Spleen of the Antelope inflated from the veins
and after drying cut open to show that the trunk of the vein
opens into cells, like the Trachea in the Lungs.
PANCRKAS.
Ut)
No. 12. s. The Spleen of a Turtle, the veins injected yellow,
the arteries red; the latter much smaller and fewer than the former.
No. 13. s. Halves of Ditto, injected red, both by arteries and
veins ; the injection has got amongst the reticular substance, and
makes it appear one uniform mass of injection.
No. 13. a. A Section of the Turtle’s Spleen.
No. 15. s, A large scirrhous human Spleen, six or seven times
the natural size.
No. 15. a. s. A Spleen small, its coats Cartilaginous and Scir-
rhous, from an old man.
No. 16. 5. A portion of Spleen from a consumptive child, in
which there is the same appearance of Tubercles as in the Lungs.
No. 17. s. Ditto from an adult, injected red, in which the
Tubercles are still larger; they seem to be scrophulous suppur-
ations of the cellular part.
No. 18. 5. A Spleen very much enlarged, and of a solid texture,
with its vein tortuous and injected yellow.
PANCREAS. W.
No. \.s. The Pancreas from the adult human subject, with
that portion of the Duodenum where its Duct enters ; it is about
nine inches long, and li broad, is conglomerated or clustered ex-
ternally: near the Duodenum it becomes small as if a thread had
been tied round it there, and then enlarges again.
No. 2. s. Ditto without Duodenum ; the cellular membrane
connecting its lobules, is a little destroyed by maceration to show
conglomeration more perfectly.
No. 3. a. s. Ditto, injected red, the duct dissected through its
length.
PANCREAS.
97
No. 3. a. s. A Pancreas injected red, and the duct dissected
through its whole length.
No. 5. f. The lower portion of Pancreas injected with mercury;
on the back part near the lower extremity, the extreme branches
appear to end in follicles.
No. 7. t Ditto, in the Cat, whose pancreatic duct about the
middle, notwithstanding the smallness of the pancreas is nearly as
large as the human.
No. 8. s. The Pancreatic Duct of the Elephant, slit open on
each side; the lower extremity of each half is sewed together; it
makes a tube as large as the cava inferior of a man : the fluid it
contained in the dead animal was not unlike bile and gelatinous.
No. 9. s. The Pancreas, portion of the Stomach and Duodenum,
and Gall Bladder of a Cod injected red; the ducts of the pan-
creas in this universally loose, unconnected by Parenchyma, and
the arteries run on their outsides; they make Culs de Sacs at their
extremities, which favours the doctrine of Follicles; they com-
municate with one another in difiFerent places so as to give the
idea of conglomerated gland, and they open by five dififerent ori-
fices into Duodenum ; they contained a white glairy fluid like
that lining the whole surface of the intestine: the Gall Duct
which opens along with these, has a double bristle in it, the others
having single ones.
No. 10. s. Stony concretions in the route of the duct of the
Pancreas, resembling those found in salivary glands; the Gall
Duct is seen opening with the pancreatic duct into the duo-
denum ; many parts of the concretion resemble a corroded in-
jection of the duct ; a number of worms are seen on the outside
of the ducts, a circumstance very common in fish.
N
98
KIDNKV.
KIDNEY. X.
No. 1. 5. The right human Kidney; the ureter and pelvis dis-
tended with injection, and one side of the kidney after this re-
moved: it shows the shape of the kidney, shows the thickness of
its flesh, and that it is hollow within.
No. 2.5. Ditto, injected red; the ureter and pelvis were in-
jected with spirits till it became hard, and then one side was
removed, to show the same thing as the former.
No. 3. 5. Ditto, from a young subject, treated Ditto; one half
removed to look at the breadth of its cavity, and the nipples pro-
jecting into it.
No. 4. 5. The Kidney of a Tiger, (one half;) the veins injected
red, and ramifying most elegantly on the outer surface of the
kidney: the arteries are injected white.
No. 5. s. The Kidney from a Lion, (whole,) showing ditto.
No. 6. t. Ditto, (whole) from the Cat; the veins injected with
mercury ; it was steeped in spirit of wine for some days, and is
now dry; shows the same as the Tiger’s.
No. 7. s. Ditto, from ditto, injected red, shows ditto.
No. 8. t. The Kidney of some animal of the same class with
the Cat, &c., injected red by the veins, and then dried; it is much
shrunk, but must have been a very fine injection : shows ditto.
No. 9. s. One half of a Kidney injected by different branches
of the artery, with black, red and white, to show that these do not
anastomose as in other parts of the body : pelvis injected yellow.
No. 10. s. The other half ditto.
No. 11.5. One half of the Lion’s Kidney injected red; has
but one nipple as it were, the tubular portion being uniform and
undivided: shows the most simple kidney.
KIDNEY.
99
No. 12. s. Section through the middle lengthways of the Wolf’s
Kidney; the cortical substance injected red; the tubular not:
shows ditto.
No. 13. s. One half Kidney, ditto, ditto, ditto, animal forgot.
No. 14. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto, injected black, ditto.
No. 15. Ditto, Lamb’s Kidney foetal state; shows simple kid-
ney very well.
No. 16. s. Ditto, of the Bear, injected red ; to show that it is
lobulated or conglomerated, every single lobule having a nipple
of its own, and an infundibulum or branch of the pelvis distinct
from the rest.
No. 17. s. Four of these lobules separated a little with their
distinct nipples.
No. 18. s. The Kidney of the Porpoise, the ureter injected
green; it consists of a prodigious number of very small lobules;
the connecting cellular membrane is destroyed, so that it looks
like a bunch of grapes: to show the same things as the Bear’s.
No. 20. s. The Foetal human Kidney, lobulated like the Bear’s,
though it afterwards becomes simple like the Lion’s ; the arteries,
injected red, the veins black.
No. 20. s. Ditto, injected red, shows ditto.
No. 21. s. Ditto, ditto, one half ; to show the nipples belonging
to each lobule.
No. 21. a. s. Ditto, showing very curved projecting nipples.
No. 22. s. The human Kidney boiled and divided into two, to
show that its flesh is of two different kinds; a dark brown in the
middle, and a whitish on each side; the brown is the tubular, and
the white the cortical part.
No. 23. s. The other half ditto.
No. 24. s. One half of a Kidney injected with coarse red in-
jection ; from its being coarse, the injection has only reached the
100
KIDiNIiY.
cortical part, which is therefore red, and the tubular uninjected part
here appears white.
No. 26. s. A portion of injected Kidney, to show the vascularity
of the cortical part.
No. 27. s. Ditto, arteries only injected.
No. 28. t> Ditto, spread on black paper, dried.
No. 29. s. A thin slice from the external surface Ditto, the ar-
teiies red, the veins white; the termination of the artery is seen
to be a convolution on itself, and not a bag as imagined by Mal-
pighi, &c.
No» 30. s. Ditto, ditto, arteries and veins both red, shows ditto ;
these two last spread on blue paper.
No. 31. s> One half adult human Kidney injected red; shows
ditto, but chiefly the nipples or Mamillae of the kidney, mouth-
ing or pouting into its cavity; the nipples are the pyramidal tops
of the tubular portion, and are perforated by a number of holes,
the terminations of the excretory ducts of the kidney.
No. 32. s. Ditto, ditto, to show the Mamillge.
No. 33. s. A portion of human Kidney uninjected, to show the
radiation of mamillse as well as their points.
No, 34. s. One half of Foetal Kidney injected red; two
mamillee are seen projecting into the cavity of the pelvis.
No. 36. s. One half of Foetal Kidney injected red, to show the
mamillse.
No. 37. s. A Mamilla from an adult, with its cortical substance
injected red ; ditto.
No. 38. a. One half of the human Kidney injected red; it is
from a young subject; and the mamillse are more numerous,
having not yet united with the neighbouring ones, and project
much.
No. 38. b. Ditto, from a younger subject, and injected more
minutely.
KIDNEY.
101
No. 39. s. One half of a very large human Kidney; the corti-
cal substance finely injected red; the tubular substance and ma-
millffi very white; about eight mamillse appear in this section.
No. 40. s. Ditto, from a young subject, shows ditto.
No. 41.5. Ditto, a single mamilla, with its cortical surround-
ing substance not injected ; rest injected red.
No. 42. s. Ditto, section of cortical substance injected.
No. 44. s. Two mamillae uniting from opposite sides.
No. 44. a. s. A section of the Wolf’s Kidney, No. 12, where
the tubular portion though united and simple in the middle of
the kidney, yet on each side is separated into seven mamillge.
No. 45. s. One half of the adult human Kidney, beautifully in-
jected red; the injection, which was size coloured with vermilion,
passed into the veins, passed also through the tubuli uriniferi
into the pelvis, having performed the round of the secretion ; the
tubuli are easily distinguished from the arteries, which towards
the point of the nipple become smaller, whereas the former by
uniting with each other become larger; in this injection the cryptse
appear most evidently convoluted artery.
No. 46. s. Ditto, of the other side; the veins only were injected
and with the same success ; nothing can be redder than this pre-
paration, except at the points of the mamillee, where the injection
found so easy an outlet as to leave the tubuli at their orifices in
many places.
No. 47. s. Ditto; one half of this Kidney only had been in-
jected red, and to great minuteness; the tubuli are very full on
one nipple, and crossed by a bristle.
No. 48. s. The other part of ditto, shows ditto.
No. 50. 5. One half of a human Kidney injected by the ar-
teries red; the tubuli also filled from them : was steeped in spirits
of wine first.
No. 50. s. Other half Ditto, (Mr, F.)
102
KIDNEY,
No. 51. s. One half of an adult human Kidney; some red in-
jection had been thrown into the pelvis by the ureter, and is seen
passing along the tubuli uriniferi ; on each side mamillae to the
number of eight or nine.
No. 52. s. A small mamilla, injected in same manner; ex-
ceedingly beautiful.
Nos. 53. 54. 55. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
No. 56. s. A slice from a mamilla; the tubuli uriniferi injected,
both from the artery which was red, and the vein which was white.
No. 57. t. Some Tubuli injected on the point of a mamilla,
with waxy yellow injection thrown in by the ureter; the same
tubuli above the point of the nipple, are injected white from the
veins ; the arteries are red.
No. 57. a. d. A thin slice directly through the middle of the
Kidney; the arteries are injected with spirit varnish coloured
with vermilion, the veins with while size, and the pelvis and
beginning of the ureter with yellow wax: it gives a good idea
of kidney generally: the pelvis is almost entire; in some places
the cryptae are seen hanging like berries on a bush from the ar-
teries; the tubuli uriniferi are seen the whole length of the ma-
millse, injected white from the veins ; the varnish injection had
not, unless at some particular parts, filled the cryptae, which were
filled by the white size and the tubuli from them: it seems how-
ever to be the cryptae on the surface of the kidney, which were
filled in this way, as they do not appear through the substance.
No. 58. s. One of the mamillae with its cortical substance from
a Horse’s Kidney; the tubuli uriniferi are injected red from the
pelvis to the very surface of the kidney, exceedingly beautiful and
distinct ; they can even be seen uniting with one another by the
naked eye.
No. 59* s. The Kidney of the Horse opened on the side of the
pelvis, after this had been injected with red size to show ditto.
KIDNEY.
108
No. 60. One half of the Ass’s Kidney, beautifully injected
Iroin the pelvis to the very surface of the kidney, where also some
veins are filled.
%
No. 60. o. $• One half of an Ass’s Kidney; the arteries injec~
ted red, the tubuli uriniferi blue from the pelvis, almost their
whole length, in some places to the very outer surface of the kid-
ney, and appear in one or two instances to be emerging from the
crypta itself.
No. 60. b. s, A section, (one half,) of the Leopard’s Kidney,
arteries, veins and ureter injected red ; some of the tubuli are seen
injected from the ureter.
No. 61. 5. A portion of a small Elephant’s Kidney; the tubuli
injected by the pelvis for a considerable way along the mamilla,
do not appear so large as either the horse’s or ass’s.
No. 62. s. The half of a Cat’s Kidney injected red from the
artery ; the tubular portion which also had its arteries injected,
is almost as red as the cortical. ’
No. 63. s. Ditto, from the Monkey; some tubuli on the lower
end are very well filled with red injection.
No. 64. t. A slice of the Kidney, No. 46, steeped in spirit of
wine, and now in Turpentine; every part is as red as scarlet
tubular as well as cortical. *
No. 65. 5. The Kidney and Renal Capsula of a Child at birth ;
both injected red; the renal capsula is more than half the bulk of
the kidney, sits like a helmet on the upper end of it, and ap-
pears to be exceedingly vascular.
No. 66. s. Ditto, ditto, still more minutely injected.
No. 66. a. Ditto, not so minutely injected.
No. 67. s. Ditto, from a Foetus at six months; the renal cap-
sula now larger in proportion to the kidney than at nine months.
No. 68. 5. Ditto, from a child at birth, injected red; one half
from top to bottom ; the internal substance of renal capsula ex-
ceedingly red. ^
104
KIDNEY.
No. 69. s. Other half of ditto, shows ditto.
No. 70. s. The renal capsula from a child at birth, divided
almost into two halves transversely; it seems like the kidney to
consist of two substances, an outer brown and an inner grayer;
there is no cavity seen.
No. 70. a. 70 b. Renal Capsulse from a Monster without
brain, exceedingly small compared with their kidneys ; on one side
there appears to be fat only in the place of renal capsula.
No. 70. c. Ditto from ditto; small but not wanting.
No. 7l* 5. A portion of adult renal capsula injected red; the
vessels seem to ramify through it like the veins on the outside of
the Tiger’s kidney.
No. 72. s. One half of the renal capsula of the Queen’s Ele-
phant, not unlike the human kidney as to the internal appearance,
but larger and longer, and externally trifid; it evidently consists
of two substances; the outer is brown, and extends inwards about
half an inch all round ; the inner is gray in some places; the brown
shoots across to the other side and blends with it.
Nos. 73. 74. 5. Two transverse sections Ditto, shows ditto;
shows also a mixture of gray streaks even amid the brown colour
on the border.
No. 73. a> A similar section to No. 73.
No. 73. b. Ditto.
No. 75. s. An adult human Kidney; one side nearly removed
to show two pelves and two ureters injected green.
No. 75. a. s. Ditto, with two pelves and ureters injected red.
No. 79. s. The lower part of the trunk of a Child at birth
opened to show what is termed the Horse shoe kidney — being a
kind of conglomeration of four kidneys in form of a crescent, the
two horns of which are turned up, and the middle rests on the
lumbar vertebrae, just over the edge of the pelvis.
KIDNEY,
105
No. 80. a. s. The pelvis of a Kidney with little more sur-
rounding flesh than merely covers it ; as a specimen of wasting
kidney.
No. 81. a. A large scirrhous Kidney (one half); this must have
been six or seven times the size of the natural kidney.
No. 82. s. A Kidney cut open lengthways; it shows incipient
small hydatids on the outside, and a very large one on the inside ;
the shape however of the kidney and bulk are not much altered.
No. 83. s. A Kidney considerably shrunk, tuberculated ex-
ternally and a hydatid as large as a peach on its outside : the pel-
vis also looks enlarged.
No. 84. a. s. The right Kidney, having its artery, vein and ex-
cretory duct injected. The pelvis of the ureter is of an uncom-
monly large size, and one half of the kidney nearly is converted
into a Hydatid.
No. 84. b. A Kidney beginning to form itself universally into
Hydatids ; one is of considerable size, the others very small.
No. 84.5. A very large Kidney; more than a fourth part of
one end is converted into a bag, which could contain six ounces
of fluid.
No. 85. s. 86. s. The one is the half of the right Kidney, the
other of the left ; they were enlarged to three or four times their
usual size, and their whole substance seems to be converted into
hydatids of various sizes, from a currant to a peach : an attempt
was made towards injecting them, but they were too tender to
bear it; (from Mr. G. Hawkin’s, St. George’s Hospital.)
No. 87. s. The Kidneys of Mr. Hume, Navy Surgeon, who
died of the Gout in his Stomach, had sometimes suppression of
urine, and was supposed to have the stone in his bladder, which
was imagined to be cured for two years before be died, by eating
honey. The kidneys are transformed into a larger mass of Hyda-
tids than was ever seen before, some of them as large as one’s
fist, many of them as large as an orange, others like plums, Sec. ;
a little portion of Cortical Substance remains unchanged and in-
O
lot) .
KIDNEY.
jected red, but tliere is even liere something like disposition to
become Hydatid : he made water freely enough : the Aorta and
Cava for some way above and below the Emulgents, lie on the
upper part of the preparation, the kidneys being in their place as
nearly as possible with respect to the body supine. There was a
stone of a hemispherical shape, and half an inch in diameter in
the pelvis of one kidney,
No. 87. a. A Kidney almost entirely converted into Hydatids,
and a large stone filling up the pelvis.
No. 88. 5. One half of the right and of the left Kidney, from a
man who died in the Westminster Hospital; these kidneys are as
much diseased as any of the former, but the hydatids are smaller,
and more nearly of a size; on the outside they looked like a
bunch of grapes nearly.
No. 90. s. Two Kidneys, their Ureters the whole length, and
a portion of the bladder ; the kidneys are tuberculated, one en-
larged the other shrunk, the ureter and pelvis of both are much
enlarged, particularly that of the shrunk kidney ; the enlarged
kidney is opened on the convex side, to look in on the enlarging
infundibula, which are encroaching on the flesh of the kidney,
and twice or three times their natural size.
No. 91. A Kidney, to show the progress of the last disease;
the whole kidney seems degenerated into pelvis ; the branches of
which are filled with scrophulous pus — a substance thick and
cheesy, or like lime just ready to be used in building : this matter
is here removed.
No. 92. s. A similar preparation in which part of the above
mentioned matter is left ; the disease is nearly in the same stage
as the former.
No. 92. a. A similar specimen of diseased Kidney.
No. 92. b. A Section of a Kidney where there has been sup-
puration in several places.
No. 93. s. Ditto ; in both these the Ureters themselves were
plugged up with the same matter.
KIDNEY,
107
No. 93. a. s. A Kidney somewhat shrunk, internally divided
into two large cells, which were full of scrophulous matter, and
resembled the cheesy matter of the suppurated scrophulous ab-
sorbent glands ; 92 and 93 are of the same kind.
No. 93. 6. 5. 93. c. 5. 93. d.s. Same process going on in the kidney
of both sides; they are not shrunk however; the disease is going
from the inside outward, (93. d.) and the cells are lined with
a crust of coagulable lymph as the liver cysts.
No. 94. s. A portion of Kidney, where the Tubuli Uriniferi
contain calcareous earth, presumed to be the beginning of stone
in the kidney.
No. 96. s. Two halves of a Kidney, where calcareous earth is
seen in many places blocking up the extremities of the tubuli
uriniferi.
No. 97. a. A portion of a kidney with a stone in one of the
infundibula.
No. 97. b. A Kidney laid open and hanging by the pelvis, to
show vast numbers of little yellow stones, small as pin heads,
formed about the points of the mamillae ; many of these had got
down into the bladder; they were probably passing off by urine,
but might lay the basis of large stone in the bladder.
No. 98. s. One half of a Kidney formed into bags, and con-
taining two stones, one of the size of the end of one’s finger, the
other somewhat larger, both black, formed among the tubuli.
No. 99- s. Ditto, a very large black stone in the pelvis, almost
filling it entirely.
No. 100.5. Ditto, injected red; the enlarged pelvis, with all
its branches, plugged up with a stone, in some parts black, in
others white, imitating a corroded injection of the pelvis with wax.
No. 101. 5. Ditto, from the other side, in the same woman,
(old, in the dissecting room*); exactly the same appearance, but
the stone rather larger and whiter,
108
KIDNEY.
No. 101. a. A very large Kidney, quite filled with large stones
and pus ; the cavities containing both laid open.
No. 102. s. Ditto, one end of the Kidney only, filled v/ith a
stone of a brown and black colour.
No. 103. s» Ditto, one end or half of the pelvis, much en-
larged ; plugged with a white stone, ramifying, as the infundibula.
No. 104. s. Ditto, a large Stone in the body of the pelvis,
black and white.
No. 105. s. A Kidney, the pelvis much enlarged; the kidney
itself inclining to form hydatids ; the pelvis is opened at two
places to show a large stone in its cavity, black and white.
No. 106. s. Ditto, the arteries injected red, the veins with a
portion of the cava yellow ; some lymphatics coming out of the
kidney are also injected; the pelvis is very much enlarged, and
projects so as to seem to leave the kidney; it is full of small
rugged stones, of the size of small pins, and may contain perhaps
500 such stones. These stones are now removed to show the
lymphatics more distinctly.
No. 107. s. A portion of Kidney, with the pelvis and ureter
laid open, except at one place, where it contains a stone of the
size of an almond ; the opening of the ureter into the bladder is
also preserved.
No. 107. a. 107. b. The Kidneys of Mr. Lumesden, who died of
suppression of urine; one kidney was quite destroyed with a rag-
ged stone, nearly the size of a walnut ; the other was very pulpy,
and had a stone in the ureter plugging it up ; there was water
in the bladder after death, and the air let loose forced the urine
through the urethra.
No. 108. s. The Kidneys of a Frog highly injected red (Fal-
coner’s sale) ; seem to be of the conglomerate kind.
No. m.s. A Kidney from an old Woman, (dissecting room)
either wasted, or which was never larger than Renal Capsula
itself, which stands over it ; one hal^ is attached to blue paper
to look on the outside surface, which is granulated from vast
TESTICLE.
109
numbers of little brown vesicles ; the emulgent artery is seen
rising from the aorta not one fifth of the diameter of the opposite
one; ureter internally is seen becoming vosicular or forming
hydatids.
No. 111. a. s. A Kidney wasted to a fifth of its natural size,
and forming chiefly a bag of scrophulous matter.
No. 112. s. One half of a Kidney, from the dissecting room ;
the pelvis is enlarged from the process of ulceration beginning on
the points of the nipples, and going on towards the outer surface
of kidney.
No. 113. Half the Kidney of the other side, where the
ulcerative process has gone on still farther, and reached the outer
surface nearly.
No. 114. 5. A Kidney opened, which has become little more
than a membranous bag, and was internally full of pus.
No. 115.5. A small portion of Kidney, apparently with small
ulcerations in different parts of it.
No. 120.5. The lower portion of the trunk of a Child, with ab-
domen laid open ; all the intestines are removed in order that you
may look down upon the kidneys, which join each other so as to
form a single one, filling up the lower part of the belly, some-
what of a crescent shape, and approaching to what has been called
the horse shoe kidney.
No. 121, 1
122, >not described in Hunterian MSS.
123, )
TESTICLE. Y.
No. 1.5. The human Testicle with the Spermatic Cord; the
tunica vaginalis was distended with spirits, and then a portion cut
out on one side to show the enclosed Testicle ; a piece of wax
pushed upwards shows how far the coat extends upward, which is
about one inch and a half above the testicle.
liO
TESTICLE.
No. 2. s. Ditto ; the tunica vaginalis entirely removed shows
Epididymis and Vas deferens a little dissected.
No. 3. t. Ditto ; the artery injected red, the vein yellow, and
the vas deferens with mercury.
No. 5. a. A Testicle, with the artery and veins injected;
tunica vaginalis spread open ; dried.
No. 7. t. A portion of the Spermatic Artery of a Bull, almost
as large in diameter as a goose quill, and convoluted in such a
way, that were this piece, which is not more than three inches in
length, unravelled, it would measure ten or twelve feet.
No. 11.5. The human Testicle, with a portion of the cord
prepared as No. 1, to show testicle inclosed, and epididymis more
particularly.
No. 12. s. Both Ditto, tunica vaginalis removed, and the cord
a little dissected. The testicles are hung nearly in situ naturali,
that is obliquely up and down, the larger end forwards and
upwards, the smaller in the opposite directions, the one side out-
wards, and the other inwards ; Epididymis begins on the lower
smaller end, mounts on the outside keeping the upper edge,
and becomes larger as it goes on, till at last it terminates in the
anterior and upper end ; it appears through its whole extent se-
parated from the body of the testicle by a small groove.
No. 13. s. Epididymis separated from the body of the Testicle,
and injected with quicksilver; likewise a little unravelled to dis-
tinguish it from the testicle more particularly; it only adheres
to the latter at the end where the tubes go into its body.
No. 14. t. The Vas deferens. Epididymis, and a portion of
Rete Testis, injected with quicksilver; the body of the testicle is
removed to give an idea of epididymis more particularly.
No. 15. t. The Testicle of a Goat; the veins injected with
quicksilver, as is the vas deferens; it shows that the principal
veins ramify on the outside of albuginea, and then dip into the
body of tbe testis, and that on the cord they form a crowded
network or plexus : formerly immersed in spirit of wine.
TESTICLE.
Ill
No. 16. A’. The body of the human Testicle injected red; the
albuginea turned up at one place to give an idea of albuginea.
No. 17. 5. A middle section of Albuginea: the body of the
testicle being removed to show what has been supposed mem-
branous septa between the different portions of tubuli, but which
are certainly, veins passing from one side of the albuginea to the
other.
No. 18. s. The body of the Testicle injected red, and cut
nearly into two, to show that it is very vascular.
No. 18. a.s. The Adult human Testicle; the arteries injected
red, the veins black; tunica albuginea slit open and folded back,
some of the tubuli also unravelled: the veins internally, as well
as externally, are larger than the arteries, but neither one nor
other can be traced into a tube ; the veins, like those on the
sclerotica of the eye, creep on the thick coat of the gland, before
they enter its substance.
No. 19.5. Ditto, one half removed, shows ditto; shows also
some of these veins believed bands, filled with red injection from
the artery. The tubular convoluted substance is also seen in-
jected.
No. 20. s. The veins Ditto; injected green.
No. 21. 5. A very fine portion of Tubular Substance, injected
red; the vermilion has, from adulteration, become black in the
injection.
No. 22. s. The Body of the Testicle, the albuginea turned up
all round. The tubuli exceedingly convoluted, are seen in
separate parcels.
No. 23. s. Ditto, ditto ; the tubuli a little unravelled by
maceration in water. ^
No. 24. s. Ditto, injected red and unravelled.
No. 25. Ditto, a little more unravelled.
No. 26. j. Ditto, very much unravelled ; some tubuli are
drawn out to four inches in length, and are seen singly, though
still convoluted, not much larger in size than a human hair.
11-2
TESTICLE.
No. 27. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
No. 28. t. The most perfect Injection of the Tubuli, Epididy-
mis, and Vas deferens, with quicksilver, which has ever been
seen; the Epididymis appears to be formed by fifteen tubes
coming out of the testicle, and gradually uniting with each other.
Though the testicle is heavy from the quantity of mercury, and
though the tubuli are pretty generally injected, others appear
empty ; in size the distended tubuli now appear like small silver
veins: it had been in spirit of wine; albuginea and vas deferens
dissected.
No. 29. b. s. An exceedingly beautiful and complete injection of
Tubuli, Testis, Epididymis, and Vas deferens (injected 1778);
there Is a small quantity of acid in the spirit to make the mercury
appear more bright, the spirit otherwise renders the tubes black-
ish : some of the tubes are drawn out one inch and a half: epi-
didymis and vas deferens are loose and disposed in a waving line
over the testis ; a few of the tubes are unfilled, but these taken
together, are not above one-tenth of the whole : and what was
very remarkable, one side of albuginea had been removed before
the mercury had entered the testis, so that the injector saw the
whole tubes filled in about a quarter of an hour.
No. 30. s. The Testicle with the Cord ; the Epididymis is in-
jected, and the rete testis, which is brought into view by remov-
ing one side of the testicle.
No. 31. L The Tubuli, Rete, Epididymis, and Vas deferens,
injected with mercury. The testicle was a small one, and the
tubuli appear few but unravelled and hanging down four or five
inches, to show that the preparations 26 and 27, were really those
of unravelled tubuli; spread on blue paper; changed in 1778,
and length of tubes now less, as portions broke off in removing.
No. 32. t. The same preparation as No. 28; dried: exceed-
ingly beautiful.
No. 32. t. Ditto, the Tubuli only beginning to be filled ; this
preparation shows the rete testis and vascula recta well ; the vas-
cula recta are short thick vessels, in which the tubuli terminate
TliSTICLE.
118
first; these again form long parallel tubes running in the length of
the testicle, and communicating with each other ; at length the
upper anterior end of the testicle gives off the vasa efferentia to the
number of eight, ten, or sometimes fifteen or sixteen ; these again
form Epididymis; a few only of these last are injected: spread
on blue paper.
No. 33. a. t. Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 34. t. Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 35. t. Ditto, spread on red paper ; the Epididymis very
much unravelled : a very fine preparation.
No. 36. t. Ditto, on blue paper ; shows the Vasa efferentia to
the number of seven, unravelled and spread out, forming Epidi-
dymis, and communicating with each other.
No. 38. t. Ditto ; the Vasa efferentia to the number of four-
teen or sixteen, partly separated.
No. 39. Epididymis so unravelled, after injection with mer-
cury, as to appear in several places a single tube.
No. 40. t. Epididymis very much unravelled, appearing a single
tube convoluted ; one of the vascula aberrantia of Haller is seen
terminating near the beginning of Vas deferens: a fine prepara-
tion on blue paper.
Nos. 41.5. 42.5. The Testicles of the Paca: the Vas deferens and
part of Epididymis filled with mercury; the beginning of Epidi-
dymis is seen lying on one case in the folding of the cremaster
muscle; in the other the cremaster, which embraced the end of
the Epididymis, is spread open.
No. 43. 5. One half of the Testicle of the Elephant, not much
more than twice the size of the Goat’s Testicle, No. 15. The
Tubuli are of a brown colour and very finely convoluted : about
the same size as the human.
No. 45. 5. The Testicle of the Porpoise, twice as large as that
of the Elephant ; the Albuginea removed on one side to show the
Tubuli about the same size as the human : the Epididymis is a
little unravelled and convoluted.
p
lU
'I’KSTICLE.
No. 46. t. The Epididymis and Rete Testis injected with mer-
cury, and dried ; it shows a Vasculum aberrans ending in a blind
pouch : it comes from near vas deferens.
No. 47. t. Ditto, on blue paper, where the Vasculum aberrans
runs out for an inch or two, and then returns again : comes off
near vas deferens.
No. 47. a. t. The Epididymis on blue paper, where the vasculum
aberrans runs out for an inch or two, and then returns again.
No. 49‘t- Ditto, ditto: shows ditto from the same place.
No. 50. t. Ditto, from the same place; ran clinging (though now
separated,) to the Vas deferens, and ended in a blind pouch : the
Epididymis very fine.
No. 51. s. Rete Testis, Vasa efferentia, and Epididymis filled
with mercury, spread on blue paper; a vasculum aberrans is seen
coming out of the Rete Testis like a vas deferens, and ending in
a blind pouch.
No. 52. s. A Vasculum aberrans from the same place as No. 50.
Descent of the Testicle. (53 — 60 et.)
No. 53. 5f. A Foetus between four and five months, the head
removed, the anterior parietes of the thorax and abdomen also
removed. The Testes are seen on the sides of the pelvis about
the size of very small peas.
No. 53. a. s. The lower half of the Trunk of a Foetus, con-
siderably farther advanced, but the testicles are still within the
cavity of the abdomen.
No. 54. s. Ditto at seven months; all above the kidneys re-
moved; the lower extremities from the middle of the thigh down-
wards, also removed. The Testicles are seen in contact with the
lower end of the kidneys ; a pyramidal body is also seen in con-
tact with the lower end of the testicle; its basis touches the
testicle, and its apex points towards the groin.
TESTICLE.
115
No. 55. s. Ditto at seven months, but a smaller child. The
testicles are seen on the sides of the pelvis, having the bladder,
which is here opened, lying between them : the pyramidal body
(the gubernaculum of Mr. Hunter,) is seen much larger than
the testis — itself pointing towards the groin; a bristle passes under
vas deferens going into the pelvis; rectum distended, seen behind
bladder; the arteries are injected red.
No. 56. 5. Ditto: here the intestines are all removed except
the rectum, which is seen passing into the pelvis behind the blad-
der; the kidneys and renal capsules are also seen; the testicles are
below the kidneys on each side of the rectum, (distended;) the
gubernacula are twice the size of the testicles, and point towards
the groin.
No. 56. a. s. The Pelvis and upper part of the Thighs, with
posterior paries of the abdomen in a child about seven months ;
one testicle is down in the scrotum, the other just under the kidney;
would probably have continued there through life, (injected red.)
No. 58. s. From a Foetus at eight months; the anterior parietes
of Abdomen and Pelvis seen from behind, the posterior with the
contents of abdomen, except the bladder and rectum, being removed;
bristles are introduced through the opening of the tunica vaginalis
from the abdomen, and appear on the other side of the ring of the
oblique: the tunica vaginalis is from this laid open to show the cord
within it, and the testicle with gubernaculum now got to the bottom
of the scrotum; on the left side, tunica vagnalis is dissected from
the ring to the bottom of the scrotum, but not opened ; the penis
is seen between vaginalis of each side.
No. 59. s. The Bladder, Umbilical Arteries, and Urachus
like ligament lying between them, the tunica vaginalis with the
testicles, taken out of the body of a Foetus at eight months, but
in situ nearly ; the bladder is cut open before, the tunica vaginalis
at the bottom, to look upon the testicles now down ; the upper
part of vaginalis seen yet open by means of bristles passing through.
No. 59. a. s. The Testicles with their gubernacula in a Fcetal
Dog, just in the passage of descent as in man.
llfi
TESTICLE.
No. 59- h. s. Same preparation as 59* «• but in a Lamb, and
injected from the Umbilical vein
No. 59* c. s. Ditto, from the Calf.
No. 60. s. A similar preparation to No. 58, from a Child at
birth : it hangs hy the Umbilical cord ; the bladder is distended
with spirits ; on each side of the bladder is seen a little cavity
leading to the Groin, and a small cicatrix showing where the Tes-
ticles now down had passed; there is now no passage that way;
the Tunica Vaginalis beyond the ring is opened all the way to
show the cord and testicles at the bottom ; on one end of the
testicle is yet seen Gubernaculum.
No. 60. a. s. The same kind of preparation as No. 60. The
Testicles have just come down, and the openings under the rings
of the abdominal muscles are of the natural size, and will easily
admit a goose quill. Tunica Vaginalis is also slit open to show
testicle at the bottom, an inch or two of umbilical cord hangs over
behind, and bristles point out the continuation of the ligamentous
human urachus through the cord.
No. 61. s. A Bubonocele Sac or peritoneal pouch in the cord
of the Testicle laid open ; below this another cavity enclosing the
tescle is also seen open, viz ; that of the Vaginalis, unconnected
with the other cavity.
No. 62. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 62. a. s. A most elegant Hernia Congenita from an Adult ;
Poupart’s Ligament, and the lower edge of Obliquus internus are
presei'ved in situ ; the pouch was distended in spirits, and when
hardened the anterior paries cut away to show the size of the
cavity, which would hold a goose egg, and the Testicle naked at
the lower posterior part.
No. 63. a. A small Hydrocele laid open.
No. 63. b, s. Ditto laid open, the Testicle seen on the
opposite side ; there is also a hernial sac separated from the
Tunica Vaginalis : the whole injected green.
TESTICLE.
117
No. 63. c. s. A verj’^ large Ditto ; Testicle lying in the very
lowermost part, but Tunica Vaginalis so thick that it never could
have contracted from inflammation or suppuration, so as to enclose
and adhere to the testicle: and had an operation been performed,
it would perhaps been with propriety cut out.
No. 64. a. s. A Hydrocele, perhaps after the radical cure had
been attempted, as there are adhesions seen, and the testicles lie
at the bottom and not behind the sack ; the cremaster was exceed-
ingly strong, the broadest and reddest ever seen perhaps, and was
lost before it reached the lower end of Tunica Vaginalis.
No. 65. s. Two Testicles from the same subject; the Epidi-
dymis in both, instead of leading on to vas deferens, terminates
abruptly in a blind point, in the one about half way, and in the
other just where it should join vas deferens.
No. 66. s. The Testicle, the Tunica Vaginalis dissected oflF,
the cord also dissected; from the vas deferens hangs a tumour
of the cord, with a worm in it like the Vena Medinensis or
Guinea worm.
No. 67. s. Ditto; Tunica Vaginalis opened to show universal
adhesion, probably from inflammation of the testicle.
No. 67. a. s. Ditto; at the place where the tunica vaginalis is
reflected from the testicle, there are to be seen many adhesions.
No. 67. b. s. A Testicle laid open, showing universal adhesion of
the tunica vaginalis to the testicle : dissecting room.
No. 68. 5. A Scirrhous Testicle cut open ; no appearance of
tubes, but one smooth uniform flesh, and twice or three times its
natural size ; the nerve is three times its natural size, and hangs
between vas deferens and the blood vessels marked by bristles.
No. 70. s. Sections of a.Scirrhous (or, according to Mr. Hunter,
of a Scrophulous) Testicle, Mr. Hoquets: it is ten times the
natural size, soft and pulpy ; gave but little pain ; was extirpated:
patient seemed to recover, but died some months after of other
scrophulous sores.
118
TESTICLE.
No. 70. h. s. A diseased Testicle, apparently of the scrophul-
ous kind ; the disease but little advanced : it is dissected, and one
side turned up; epididymis seems principally affected. (Falconer’s.)
No. 70. c. 5. Ditto; a little unravelled; epididymis four or
five times its natural size, and apparently pulpy. (Ditto).
No. 70. d. s. Ditto, with the very same disease ; epididymis
exceedingly large. (Ditto.)
No. 7l. s. A Testicle of a monstrous size cut open; internally
cartilaginous : it bears the marks of frequent puncture, having
been supposed hydrocele ; these punctures have not united : be-
tween the cartilaginous portions are bits of scrophulous pus.
No. 71. a. s. A large Cancerous Testicle, three or four times
larger than a kidney; internally hard, bloody: shows only one half.
No. 72. s. 73. s. Ossifications of the body of the Testicle about
the size of the end of one’s finger; 72 has two such ; 73, one,
but larger and irregular: the vas deferens in both is injected
with mercury.
No. 74. s. A young Sparrow, two months old only; the testicles
are seen of the size of small pin heads, just before the kidneys at
their upper end; the anterior parietes of the thorax and abdomen,
with most of the viscera are removed ; the feathers remain, and
the bird hangs with the head down by the legs.
No. 75. s. An old Ditto, but in winter ; the testicles are very
little larger than those of the young one.
No. 76. s. An old Ditto, in April ; the testicles are now about
the size of a sparrow’s egg, that is, two or three hundred times
larger than they were in winter.
No. 78. s. A Testicle enlarged, with a scrophulous abscess in it.
No. 79. s. A Testicle, with the Epididymis injected with mer-
cury, and the veins with white injection.
No. 80, )
not described in Hunterian MSS.
81
82
VESIt'UL.E SEMINALES.— HEADDER.
119
VESICUL^ SEMINALES. Z.
No. 4. 5. The Vesiculao Seminales ; one side is removed to
look on a cellular or honeycomb-like surface ; the surface of each
cell examined with a glass, appears to be also composed of smaller
cells, as does the inner surface of vas deferens.
No. 5. s. Ditto, with a portion of the Bladder, Prostate Gland,
and beginning of the Urethra : it shows the same things as before,
but shows also the termination of the vasa deferentia and vesiculse
seminales, before the neck of the bladder, in the Caput Gallinaginis ;
besides these two openings is seen a third, which is that of a large
lacuna or duct of a gland : the Prostate Gland is rather enlarged
and diseased.
No. 6. s. The same preparation as No. 4. The Vesiculse
themselves are smaller, as well as their cells.
No. 8. 5 A Mouse opened, (the abdominal viscera except the
kidneys removed,) to show the Testicles large in proportion to the
bulk of the animal, as also the Vesiculae Seminales forming two
horns like the uterus of a Dog, &c.
No. 10. s. The Vesiculse Seminales and Prostate Gland cut
open ; in the vas deferens of the left side appears a stricture
totally obliterating the canal: notwithstanding of which the vesi-
cula of that side was full of a brown fluid as usual. The cells of
the prostate gland are enlarged from disease.
BLADDER. A. A.
No. 1. a. s. The Pelvis of a Child at birth ; to show bladder
high up in the abdomen, uterus turned up, and ovaria also higher
than the edge of pelvis.
BLADDER,
l-iO
No. 3. s. One half of the adult human Bladder, previously dis-
tended and hardened with spirits to make it retain its shape : a bristle
is introduced into the lacuna of the Caput Gallinaginis, near which
the orifices of the vesiculae seminales are seen ; in the lower part of
the bladder, the orifice of one ureter is seen, about an inch and a
half behind the last mentioned orifices ; on the edge all round
the upper half, may be seen the peritoneal coat externally, the
internal coat within, and the muscular coat between the two.
No. 4. s. The human Bladder in its contracted state, about
one-fifth of the hulk of No. 1, but retaining exactly the same
shape ; it hangs by the membranous part of the urethra ; the
lower ends of the ureters are also seen on each side entering the
bladder.
No. 7. s. The Bladder in the state it was found after death,
very much contracted ; as a proof of its muscular power, being now
almost a solid ball : bristles are in the ureters.
No. 7. a. s. The Bladder in its contracted state, opened on
one side, in order to show the internal membrane thrown into
rugse, like the inner membrane of the stomach in the same cir-
cumstances.
No. 7. b. s. One half of a Bladder prepared as the last ; the
rugse are less pendulous, more like convolutions or flouncing.
No. 7. c. s. The other half of No. 7. b. the fundus in this state
is half an inch thick at least; it is thinnest just behind the neck of
the Bladder.
No. 7. a. a. The Bladder, Umbilical Arteries and Urachus
from a Lamb ; the urachus is filled with quicksilver, grows rather
narrower after it leaves the fundus of the Bladder : (in a bottle
with blue paper.)
No. 8. s. The Bladder of a man who had a Stone ; the mus-
cular coat in some parts is half an inch thick in consequence of
greater exercise; it was first distended and hardened with spiiits,
now a portion cut out to look on the edges and internal cavity ;
the inner coat is uneven, and looks fasciculated from the projection
of the muscular fibres behind.
15LADDE1}.
1-21
No. 9. s. One half of the Human Bladder injected red ; it re-
tains its natural figure, having been filled and hardened in spirits
before it was divided ; the inner coat is thrown into very elegant
convolutions like the flouncing of a Lady’s petticoat ; it is also
exceedingly vascular.
No. 10. s. The posterior part of a female Bladder injected
red ; the uterus is seen also on the back part : it hangs by the
neck of the bladder, is more vascular even than the last, and the
orifices of the ureters are seen near the neck looking upwards,
the surface is rugous, but not so much as in the former.
No. 11.5. A portion of a Bladder ; two ureters are seen open-
ing on the right side, two bristles are introduced ; two other
bristles show the openings of the Vesiculse Seminales and Vasa
deferentia.
No. 11. a. 5. Posterior half of a male Bladder, with double
ureters on each side ; nothing of the glandular appearance of the
female Bladder.
No. 12. 5. A portion of female Bladder to show the openings
of the ureters and urethra ; spread on a card ; near the neck of
the bladder there is a follicular appearance.
No. 12. a. 5. The posterior half nearly of a female Bladder;
the internal membrane seems every where follicular, and near the
neck of the bladder is a cellular porous appearance, probably fol-
licles which run in the direction of the orifices of the ureters.
No. 13. s. Ditto, with a portion of vagina behind, to show
ditto; also a rising in the bottom of the urethra, similar to Caput
Gallinaginis, with the orifices of lacunae.
No. 13. a. 5. The posterior portion of the Bladder from a
Woman ; just within the urethra, and all before the orifices of
the ureters is an undescribed follicular, or rather honeycombed
surface, like that of infernal surface of Gall Bladder; it is very
beautiful, and probably a secretory surface for mucus.
No. 14. 5. The male Urethra slit open; injected red to show
that it is exceedingly vascular; in some places it even looks villous.
Q
IJ LAUDER.
1-2-2
No. 15. 5. A portion of the Bladder with the orifices of the
ureters, Vesiculaj Seminales with their orifices, and urethra slit
open the whole way to show the inner surface of the urethra ;
the prostate Gland is also seen behind, and Cowper’s glands.
No. 16. s. Ditto, with bristles in the lacunae, showing ditto.
No. 17. t. The Prostate Gland Injected from eight or ten ducts,
which open round Caput Gallinaginis, with quicksilver; the Vesi-
culae Seminales here very large, also injected with ditto ; the
gland appears to be a congeries of follicles, and makes a beautiful
appearance.
No. 18. t. Ditto, less minute.
No. 19- 5. The Prostate Gland of the Elephant, (a section ;) it
appeal's to be a congeries of large cells, having a common ramify-
ing Trunk, not unlike the structure of Lungs.
No. 20. s. The same preparation as No. 15, to show principally
Cowper’s Glands lying on the under side of the membranous part
of the urethra, between the Bulb and Prostate Gland.
No. 22. t. The same preparation as No. 17, with the addition
of Cowper’s Gland injected with quicksilver ; it appears to have
the same kind of structure as the Prostate, and two excretory
ducts resembling lacunae above an inch long.
No. 23. t. Cowper’s Glands injected with quicksilver, but less
minutely than in the preceding.
No. 24. s. The Rectum, and Bladder of the Turtle cut open;
to show the rugous inner surface of bladder like that of the Sto-
mach ; and to show that the urethra opens Into the rectum a con-
siderable way above the anus.
No. 26. s. A portion of the Bladder Prostate Gland and
Urethra, on which the operation of the Stone was performed by
the cutting Gorget ; the parts cut are Bulb of the urethra, to the
left Cowper’s Gland, the prostate side ways, and about half an
inch of the bladder itself; the thickness of the prostate sufficiently
defends the Vesiculoe Seminales below; bristles show their ori
BLADDER.
12:3
tices, and that the knife has passed witliin the I -16th of an inch
ot them to the left : section made on the dead body, with a view
to show exactly the parts cut.
No. 26. a. Ditto, with the new Gorget.
No. 26. h. s. The whole of the parts concerned in Lithotomy,
cut by Gorget composed from the blunt one and the blade of Dr.
Hunter’s knife ; the objection toother cutting instruments was,
that they did not cut enough, or that the forceps could not be con-
veniently conveyed along them. A very large flint was conveyed
into the Bladder at its fundus, and extracted as in Lithotomy,
without laceration or wounding any important part; the Caput
Gallinaginis, Rectum and Vesiculae Seminales untouched: the ex-
ternal as well as the internal parts are preserved.
No. 27. s. The same parts with the Rectum opened, in a Boy
who died in St. George’s Hospital ; he was formerly cut for the
Stone, and the cicatrix is seen externally : in the operation the
point of the staff had got out of the orifice of the bladder, and
the gorget had been pushed through above the natural passage ;
the rectum had also been injured; the natural passage is pointed
out by a bristle, which at its anterior end points also to a little
fistulous orifice, by which the urine got into the rectum, produced
purging, &c.: the boy had the stone again, was to have been cut,
but died.
No. 27. c. s. The parts concerned in Lithotomy; they seem to
be from a Boy, and it appears he had been cut for the stone, from
the large external cicatrix ; there is also a fistulous orifice between
bladder and rectum.
No. 28. s. A portion of Bladder, with Prostate Gland, and be-
ginning of the Urethra ; on the side of the Caput Gallinaginis
appear small round stones naked towards the urethra, and sur-
lounded by a ragged ulcerated surface ; these probably would give
the stroke to the sound on searching, and would be mistaken for
stone in the bladder.
No. 29. s. Ditto, showing ditto; the stones seem to be formed
in the cells of the'Trostatc Gland, and are also seen on the back
part like small peas.
1-24
BLADDEK.
No. 30. s. A Bladder inverted, to show its inner coat produced
at several parts into laminae, or processes of a quarter of an inch
above the surface ; these might be laid hold of along with the
stone in lithotomy, and occasion dreadful symptoms.
No. 31. s. The Lumbar Vertebrae and Pelvis of a Child at birth j
the lower part of the left ureter is dilated into a bag, very nearly
as large as the bladder itself; the same disposition seems to be
taking place in the lower end of the other ureter; both kidneys
are shrunk almost to the size of kidney beans; the left was even
beginning to take on the hydatid appearance on its outside; the
arteries are injected red.
No. 31. a. s. The large Tumour between Rectum and Bladder.
Case published London Medical Essays.
No. 32. s. A portion of a Bladder ulcerated near the insertion
of the right ureter; the ulcers in some parts went through to the
other side of the bladder, as the bristles show. — (Case forgot.)
No. 33.^. A portion of (Hocquet’s) Bladder; amongst other
symptoms he had great pain in making water, with scalding;
sometimes the urine appeared like pus ; at other times bloody :
the muscular fibres are collected in bundles, much enlarged, but
deprived almost entirely of their covering, the inner coat of the
bladder being destroyed; the Vesicula Seminalis of the left side
was full of a brown fluid, though the testicle had been removed
some months before.
No. 34. s. A Bladder very much fasciculated, and the inner
coat formed into pouches, protruding between the fasciculi ; the
Prostate Gland much enlarged ; the penis is also slit open its
whole length ; a number of vessels are injected from the lacunae,
near the Caput Gallinaginis, with mercury; they look like lym-
phatics, but may be traced to the iliac veins.
No. 34. a. s. A very thick fasciculated Bladder, (turned inside
out) from stricture in the urethra.— (Dissecting-room.)
No. 34. b. s. Ditto, with pouches formed Ty the pushing out
liLADDEK.
125
of the internal membrane between the fasciculi ; these pouches
might contain 3ij ; each of their orifices easily admits a large pea ;
the stagnating of the urine in these pouches may possibly contri-
bute to the foetor of the urine in patients with strictures.
No. 35. s. A very large thickened Bladder opened; the pos-
terior part of the prostrate, swelling into the bladder, forms an
eminence behind Caput Gallinaginis, which often prevents the in'
troduction of the Catheter ; the inner coat is formed into pouches,
in which are seen white stones to the number of fifteen or twenty,
some of these are as large as a small gooseberry.
No. 36. s. Ditto, but without any stones, inverted.
No. 36. a. s. A portion of Ditto, the pouches very numer-
ous.
No. 36. b. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 36. c. A prodigiously enlarged Bladder and Prostate Gland ;
the cause seems to have been scrophula enlarging the prostate,
and thus producing suppression of urine; there is a fistulous orifice
between Caput Gallinaginis and Rectum.
No. 37. s. A Bladder injected red and inverted, from a man
who had the Stone : the coats are much thickened, the surface of
the inner coat very rough, and the ureters much enlarged ; there is
a fistulous orifice between Caput Gallinaginis and Rectum, shown
by a bougie.
No. 37. a. The Kidneys, Ureters, posterior part of the Bladder
and kind of Gians Penis, from a Boy ; the Parietes of the Abdo-
men about the pubis, and the pubis itself were wanting ; the an-
terior part of the bladder was also wanting, and the posterior
part presented itself in place of the external integuments ; it was
inflamed, and a little concave ; the orifices of the two ureters
appeared, and the urine flowed perpetually either in small gushes,
or drop by drop ; on the upper side of glans penis appeared the
orifices of the vasa deferentia with the large lacuna between : the
VesiculK Seminales are seen behind, and most of these circum-
stances arc pointed out by bristles.
HLADDEK.
l-2()
No. 38, s. A very large Scirrhous Prostate Gland, which occa-
sioned suppression of water ; the Catheter made a false passage
through its substance, shown by a quill ; a portion of the Bladder
and Urethra adheres to it.
No. 39* 5. Ditto, with the Bladder cut open, from an old Gen-
tleman at Hammersmith, who died after suffering much from
difficulty and suppression of water, with much irritation. It was
very difficult to pass the Catheter, and no urine was discharged
till the point of the instrument was passed up almost above the
Os Pubis; and the enlargement of the Prostate, (consequently
the nature of the case) was certainly known by the examination
per anum. There was a Stone in the Bladder bigger than an
almond, the bladder was fasciculated, and a process of the enlarged
prostate, at the beginning of the Urethra, made a valvular oper-
culum, the principal cause of suppression.
No. 39. a. s. A Prostate Gland very much enlarged, and the
Bladder behind fasciculated. The passage to the bladder is so
obstructed, that it must have been difficult to have introduced the
Catheter.
No. 39. a. a. s. A portion of Bladder with a diseased Prostate
Gland, very thick ; there is some appearance of the patient having
been cut for the Stone ; and there must have been abscess on the
under side of the Prostate, as there is a large cavity with a rough
surface, which has been opened. (Falconer’s sale.)
No. 40. s. A portion of the Bladder, the Prostate, and Ure-
thra slit open all the way ; the internal surface of the bladder and
urethra was in a state of sloughing: from a dead body in the
dissecting room ; case unknown: bladder had sloughed, and on the
surface is deposited a crust of animal earth.
No. 41. s. The Bladder and Rectum of Colonel ;
he was cut for the Stone by Mr. Hawkins, and died a few days
after the operation. He determined at last to submit to the
operation because he was miserable ; for besides the ordinary
complaints, his urine had made a passage into the Rectum, which
from time to time had all the effects of a sharp clyster. He
could hardly venture abroad, and at home was from that urgency
BLADDEK.
1*27
always without breeches. On passing the finger within the
sphincter ani, the bag of large stones was distinctly felt ; they
were covered by a thin membrane only; and on the most pro-
minent part the point of the finger felt the fistulous hole where
the urine passed, and where the stones were bare. The quill is in
that orifice. On the fore part is seen the cavity of the bladder,
with quills in the dilated ureters; below which is the urethra laid
open, where it passes through the prostate, with a bristle in a
seminal duct ; and below that again the cavity of the bag which
contained the stones, which in reality were in the dilated mem-
branous part of the urethra.
No. 42. s. A portion of very much diseased Bladder and
Urethra; a fistulous orifice is pointed out by a quill, going through
to the prostate gland.
No. 43.5 The Bladder of the Kidney, No. 97. a. The same
gravel seen there, also seen here lying between the rugae of the
internal membrane : the anterior part is removed.
No. 44. s. An extremely ulcerated Bladder from a subject in
the dissecting room ; its size is small, having never been much
distended probably for years past ; there is a fistulous orifice just
before the Caput Gallinaginis leading to perineum ; at the upper
part of the Bladder, the ulceration had gone through to the peri-
toneal coat, and formed an abscess, which was guided by the liga-
mentous Urachus to the navel, where it opened externally ; so
that matter was discharged, and probably Urine also, both at the
navel and perineum.
No. 45. 5. The Bladder laid open, with a portion of the Penis;
the Bladder is considerably thickened and fasciculated; the
Prostate Gland has its ducts enlarged from the pressure of the
urine backward, which was not allowed to pass off by the Urethra;
and at the bulb of the Urethra there is a considerable ulceration^
made probably by the pressure of the urine confined by Stricture.
No. 45. a. s. A large Communication by Ulcer, between the
rectum and neck of the Bladder. The ureters had been much
1-28
I'ENIS.
No. 46. s. The posterior portion of a female Bladder, showing
in two places the appearance of sloughing. In one place (here is
a little hole from ulceration, pointed out by a bristle, where the
urine must have passed out into the cavity of the abdomen.
No. 47. s. An enlarged prostrate, and thickened Bladder.
No. 48. s. Not described.
No. 49. s. Ruptured Bladder, (from a patient of Mr. Hey of
Leeds.)
PENIS. B. B.
No. 1. s. The Penis of a Man from the dissecting room, of a
prodigious size ; the Corpora Cavernosa and Spongiosum are in-
jected green to show its shape; 6i inches long.
No. 1. a. 5. Ditto, of the same size nearly as the former.
No. 2. s. Ditto, about half the size of the former, though
equally distended with green injection ; both of these have the
integuments ; 6 inches long.
No. 3. s. Ditto, without the integuments, larger even than
No.l. The Corpora Cavernosa injected green are brought to view,
as is the Corpus Spongiosum Urethrae and Glands injected red.
No. 4. d. Ditto, injected ditto ; the veins on the surface of
the Gians are filled with quicksilver, every other part is red;
these two last show general composition of Penis.
No. 9. s. The Corpora Cavernosa slit open on each side, and
the reticular substance dug out, to show that the sheaths are of a
shining inelastic tendinous kind of substance, and that the septum
between them is fissured every little way by a number of perpen-
dicular slits, in consequence of which whatever is poured into one
Corpus Cavernosum may get into the other.
No. 10. s. A section of Penis transversly, to show the thick-
ness of the integuments, the reticular substance of the two Cor-
I'KNIS.
129
pora Cavernosa, that of the Spongiosum Urethrae, the passage of
the urethra with a double bristle in it, the artery running through
the middle of cavernosum with a bristle in it, and the vein in
dorso penis with a bristle in it ; the septum inter corpora caver-
nosa is seen, and the thickness of the sheaths.
No. 11.5. Ditto; the Penis having been injected black, the
sheaths and septum being white, are most distinctly seen.
No. 18. s. The Corpora Cavernosa having been injected red,
the cavernous substance is mostly dbg out, to show ligamentous
fr$na passing from the sides of the cavernosa, to prevent their be-
ing irregularly distended, or beyond their capacity.
No. 19. f. The Corpora Cavernosa dried by the quicksilver in-
jection, after having been injected red by the arteries; the arte-
ries are seen all the way running through the centre of each
corpus cavernosum.
No. 20. t. One of the Corpora Cavernosa opened, after having
been injected with quicksilver and dried ; a section also through
the spongiosum urethrae, and gland: dried in the same way, to
show that the latter is a continuation of the former.
No. 21. ^ A very large Penis, in which the arteries had been
injected red, dried in the manner of the last, and cut open on one
side, to show the corpus cavernosum, and that the spongiosum,
urethrae and glans are continued into one another.
No. 23. t. The other half of No. 20, showing ditto.
No. 24. t. The Corpus Spongiosum and Gians, also the Cor-
pora Cavernosa for three or four inches, filled with mercury;
the glans appears exceedingly vascular from the veins ; very large
veins arise from the Spongiosum Urethrae, turn round the sides
of the cavernosa, and get on the dorsum penis ; an elegant pre-
paration.
No. 24. a. t, A similar preparation from the Dog ; the Glans,
and a round swelling an inch below, which locks the dog in the
coitus, is seen turgid with mercury; it appears a spongy substance,
and has two very large veins passing from it, one on each side of
the cavernosa.
It
1:30
I'EMS,
No. 24. h. t. Not described.
No. 25. t, A Gians Penis turgid with mercury from the veins
on the surface; it appears that though the interior parts are cellu-
lar, yet the external are really vessels similar to veins.
No. 25. a. s. Not described.
No. 28. s. A section through the upper end of the Penis, after
the Cavernosa and Spongiosum had been filled with spirits,
and hardened ; to show that the glans and spongiosum are differ-
ent from the cavernosa.
No. 29. s. A section through the upper end of the Penis, after
the Cavernosura and Spongiosum had been filled with spirits,
and hardened to show that the glans and spongiosum are different
from the cavernosa; showing also Urethra of its natui’al size.
No. 30. s. A Penis, where Corpora Cavernosa are distended
with green injection; the Spongiosum and Glans not injected:
the spongiosum is dissected off all the way from the cavernosa,
and is slit open to show Urethra and the bulb of the urethra.
No. 31.5. The upper part of the Penis for above four inches ;
the Cavernosa injected red ; the urethra is slit open to look on
its internal surface : the arteries injected red.
No. 32. s. Urethra and Glans; the former opened all the way
to show its breadth, about quarter of an inch.
No. 35. s. The Corpora Cavernosa injected ; the urethra slit
open all the way to show bristles in the orifices of the lacuna? or
excretory ducts of the mucous glands.
No. 36. 5. Urethra opening on the point of the Glans, and a
lacuna of considerable size seen just within the orifice.
No. 37. 5. The lower end of Urethra, with a portion of Blad-
der; some lacuna? are filled with mercury, and readily communi-
cate with the veins on the inner surface of the bladder.
PENIS.
131
No. 38.5. Urethra slit open near its termination, showing the
same lacunae as in No. 36, filled with quicksilver.
No. 39. s. The Corpora Cavernosa injected black, and a sec-
tion afterwards made on one side, except near the glans; the vein
in dorso penis is injected green, the artery red, and the nerves
are seen dissected, lying chiefly on the outside of the artery, and
branching largely towards the glans.
No. 39. o. 5. The Corpora Cavernosa injected black; on the
right side, the injection is dug out next the crura, showing a com-
plete tendinous septum; on the left side, it is dug out next the
glans, showing the injection passing through the slits of commu-
nication.
No. 41. a. 5. 41 . J. 5. Sections of the Horse’s Penis through
Corpora Cavernosa and Spongiosum urethrae; pretty similar to the
human white tendinous cords go from the bottom of the liga-
mentary sheath, in a radiated form to the other sides, to prevent
above a certain distention perhaps.
No. 41. c. s. Ditto, with the Glans.
No. 42. s. The upper end of the Penis injected red; the glans
denudated; the prepuce drawn back, shows the fraenum or bridle
between the prepuce and glans, making a kind of groove in the
corona glandis on the under side.
No. 43. s. Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 44. 5. The Glans Penis injected red from the arteries;
they project from the surface of the glans, forming villi, and are
most numerous on the corona glandis, where the odoriferous glands
are believed to be: when the glans is injected from the spongio-
sum the surface seems smooth, nor do the vessels project.
No. 44. a. s. Ditto; the Villi project very much round Co-
rona Glandis, and are gathered into distinct bundles, so as to put
on the appearance of glands.
No. 45. s. The upper half of the Penis of a Jew; as the pre-
puce is removed, it explains circumcision: there are also two large
chancres on the glans. (Solomon Porter,)
132
PENIS.
No. 46. s. Ditto, showing the orifice of the Urethra, opening
not in the apex of the glans, but in the place of the frenum, on
the under side.
No. 47. s. Ditto, showing ditto. What influence this might
have on the emission of the Semen, preventing its direct passage
into the womb, is not perhaps easily determined.
No. 48. a. s. A Penis and Scrotum prepared to show cellular
membrane, which exists in great quantity on the body of the penis,
and also forms the only septum scroti.
No. 52. 5. The Penis, Anus, and Perinseum in a lad of 19>
who died in Westminster Hospital: some lymphatics are injected
in dorso penis, which come from a common trunk, and go to the
groins; but the most particular circumstance about the prepara-
tion is, that there is no scrotum, only a raphe in the skin where
scrotum should be: the testicles had never been down.
No. 56. s. A Penis from the adult human subject ; the Cor-
pora Cavernosa distended with injection ; the urethra slit open
all the way : for about two inches from the beginning, the urethra
appears large and sound, but thence downwards is contracted sen-
sibly; in some places to one-half of its breadth.
No. 57. s. Urethra and Bladder both open ; but the first is
opened on the under side, the second before : the bladder is
very much thickened and fasciculated ; there is a very thin stric-
ture extending not above 1-I6th of an inch in breadth, just where
membranous part of the urethra terminates in the bulb ; the
breadth of the urethra before and behind this stricture is pointed
out by cross bits of quill : the prostate and vesiculae seminales
seem both dissected.
No. 58. s. Penis, with a portion of the Bladder : Urethra slit
open its whole length, shows two strictures, one within two
inches of the orifice of the urethra ; the other about two inches
above the membranous part : their breadth nearly that of the
former.
No. 58. a. s. The Bladder, Penis, and Perinseum from a body
in the dissecting room : there was stricture in the bulb of the
PENIS.
138
urethra, bougies had been employed and made a false road,
pointed out by the most anterior bristle; there was a large fistu-
lous orifice in perinseo, leading into a large ulcerated ragged cavity,
which extended towards each tuberosity of the ischium ; from this
sinuses led through the substance of each corpus cavernosum
almost to the glans, and one of these is pointed out by a bougie ; the
bladder itself is thickened and fasciculated, and there are several
orifices leading from the bulb of the urethra into the just now
described cavity in perinaeo.
No. 58. b.s. The same parts nearly, from a Sergeant in Bur-
pyne’s light horse (an out-pensioner, Chelsea Hospital); there
is stricture one inch and a half in length, about two inches within
the urethra. He had kept this concealed for many years ; mean-
while the urine pressing behind had ulcerated and dilated urethra,
so large as to receive the first joint of one’s thumb; there was
also an abscess unsuspected in perinaeo. The suppression of urine
had not been total till twenty-four hours before I was called; no
catheter or bougie could pass, but a common probe passed, and
the urine followed. It was twenty-four hours before I was sent
for again ; I found the urine had got into the cellular membrane,
all over penis, scrotum, groins, and inside thighs, and was by its
distention spreading mortification wherever it went; I made
punctures every where in these parts, sent for Mr. Hunter, who
opened the urethra beyond the stricture, (as he believed,) in doing
whjch, a great quantity of foetid pus was discharged ; the man hy
this time was become comatose and died next morning. A bristle
bent upon itself shows the passage where the urine burst through •
the prostrate gland was rather large and scirrhous; bladder also’
much thickened.
No. 58 c. The same parts. There is the appearance of a false
passage through the whole course of the corpus spongiosum
urethrae, either from a bougie or spontaneous disease.
No. 60. ». This preparation shows the Prostate Gland, much
enlarged; the bladder thickened and fasciculated: there is a fistul-
ous orifice near the bulb, and another in the bladder ner the left
nretePs entrance; quills point them both out. Whether these
were from bougies, or stone, or stricture, does not appear.
134
I'KMALE ORGANS.
No. 61. s. Bladder, Penis, and Testicles of an adult ; there is
a fistulous orifice from the membranous part of the urethra
through scrotum, opening between the testicles; a little above
that appears a stricture extending upwards half an inch at least.
No. 62. s. An exactly similar preparation, only there are two
fistulous orifices in the membranous part of the urethra, and the
stricture is at the beginning of the bulb. The bladder is much
thickened; some vessels are injected with mercury; from the
lacunse near caput gallinaginis they look like absorbents, and run
up the ureters, but they may be traced to the veins.
No. 63. A similar preparation ; one fistulous orifice in the
membranous part of the urethra.
No. 64. s. Prostate Gland, with the lower portion of the
Urethra : this last is entirely obliterated about an inch and a half
above the caput gallinaginis ; the prostate is much thickened.
No. 65. s. The lower portion of the Bladder opened from
before, the lower portion of Penis also : the Bulb of the Urethra
is opened; it contained a stone very nearly as large as a hen’s egg;
there was a fistulous orifice from it in perinaeo: from an old man
in the dissecting room.
No. 66. s. An Urethra slit open, showing a prodigious number
of lacunse, with bristles inserted into them.
FEMALE ORGANS. C. C.
No. 5. s. The external parts of generation in the female ;
Hymen perfect, the opening longitudinal, but a mere slit, not a
quarter of an inch long ; the parts were kept extended by melted
wax, then hardened in spirits, after which the wax was removed :
the anus and perinseum are also seen.
No. 6. s. Ditto ; Hymen very perfect, a longitudinal opening
as in the former.
No. 7. s. Ditto, the opening will admit a goose quill.
FEMALE OKGANS.
185
No. 8. s. Ditto, from a Child about four years old, with two
bristles in the opening.
No. 10.5. Ditto, from a Child at four years old; the Labia,
Vestibulum and Vagina extended as much as possible ; to show
the true shape of Hymen, which is that of a crescent with the
horns turned tow'ards the sides of meatus urinm.
No, 11.5. Ditto, from a Child at six or eight years. Labia sep-
arated, and Hymen seen less stretched, but resembling No. 4;
as does in some degree No. 10.
No. 12. 5. Ditto, from a Child at two years old.
No. 13. a, 5. Ditto, with a little thread or frenum passing over
bristle, from the upper edge of Hymen to meatus.
No, 14. 5. Ditto, from a full grown subject; the Hymen less
perfect, and will easily allow a finger to pass ; however, enough
appears to make it probable she was never deflowered. The rete
mucosum in this subject is very dark ; it appears to pass on the in-
side of the labia, over the nymphae, and is lost on their inner edge
and on the inner edge of the preputium clitoridis, but does not
cover the glans, meatus urinae, or hymen.
_ No. 14. a. 5. A similar preparation, where although the open-
ing IS large, yet the hymen appears perfect.
No. 15. s. Ditto, very like the former; the hymen on its
inner edge much wrinkled, end the passage pretty wide so as to
give some appearance of carunculae njyrtiformes.
No. 16. 5. Ditto from a Negro Girl, who had probably been
deflowered, as the opening will admit one’s thumb, yet there is a
regular border of hymen all round: the rete mucosum terminates
as in the former, though it is less evident on the clitoris, which is
here small and indistinct: the rete mucosum passes also a little
way within the anus.
No. 17. a. The Labia, Vagina, and Uterus of a young woman •
vagina and uterus are opened before ; the inner surface of vagina
IS rugous; it seems about tliree inches in length, and about one
13G
FEMALE ORGANS.
in diameter : some little remains of hymen at bottom, and the
mouth of the womb projects into the vagina at top, like the
point of one’s finger : the labia lie on the bottom of the bottle,
covered with hair.
No. 17. a. The Uterus, Vagina, Bladder, and Rectum, filled
with Paris plaster ; it shows the contents of the female unim-
pregnated pelvis at one view.
No, 18. 5. A side view of the Bladder, Urethra, Vagina,
Uterus, and Rectum from a young woman ; they were previously
distended in spirits, and a portion cut out on the side to show
their cavities fully. The labium, nympha, and one half of remains
of hymen, with one side of the anus and perinseum are seen.
No. 19. s. The same preparation from a full grown subject,
only the external parts and hymen are entire : vagina seems here
about four inches long, but not so capacious as rectum; the
urethra will admit a goose quill easily, and is about one inch long;
the bladder on the upper side, and rectum on the under, are
firmly attached to vagina through its whole length ; the uterus is
not opened: it is the uterus of a pubes or girl just arrived at
puberty, whose breasts will afterwards be described. The Fallopian
tubes, ovaries, and round ligaments are seen, so that this prepara-
tion exhibits the whole contents of the female pelvis.
No. 20. a. s. The body of the Uterus stripped of its ligaments,
ovaria, and tubes, vagina also cut away: so suspended that os
Tincse is uppermost, and points obliquely forwards; the orifice of
the uterus is a small round hole, capable of admitting a very small
probe.
No. 20. b. s. A Virgin’s Uterus, about sixteen years old : the
Os Tincse is the principal object; it is a transverse fissure, and
not a round hole, about a quarter of an inch long, and sufficiently
resembles the Tench’s mouth.
No. 20. c. s. A Virgin Uterus from a girl about eighteen years
old; showing the os tincse transverse: the Fallopian tubes, and
ovaria are preserved. The preparation is inverted, being sus-
pended by the vagina.
FEMALE ORGANS.
137
No. 21. 5. A similai’ preparation, also injected red ; behind it is
opened its whole length, appears wrinkled lengthways, and very
vascular.
No. 22. 5. Ditto uninjected, exceedingly white; vagina very
rugous, especially on the side next urethra : there is a piece of
tinfoil rolled in the urethra, and bristles in Cooper’s Glands by
the edge of Hymen. /
No. 23. s. An Uterus from an adult female ; the arteries are
injected red with wax, and dissected, showing the trunks of the
hypogastrics on the sides of the uterus, and those of the sperma-
tics making one tube with the former on the fundus and broad
ligament : the uterus is opened, bristles are in the orifices of the
Fallopian tubes at the fundus uteri.
No. 24. s. One half of Uterus and Vagina, the arteries in-
jected with red wax, and the veins with yellow ; the Fallopian tube
seems principally vascular, and the veins are more numerous and
larger, but have the same course with the arteries : the section
through uterus is longitudinal, so that a side view of its cavity
appears; the sides are almost entirely in contact, there is just
a line showing where cavity is.
No. 25. s. The other half Ditto.
No. 26. s. The contents of a Child’s Pelvis beautifully injected
red, to show the situation of uterus between rectum and bladder ;
(he Fallopian tubes and ovaria are also well seen.
No. 26. a. s. A female Foetus of five months, injected red,
and suspended by the legs, to show fundus uteri abpve the pelvis,
Fallopian tubes, ovaria, and round ligaments ; the ovaria are large
compared with the uterus, and lie over the middle of pelvis.
No. 27. s. An Uterus cut open to show the thickness of its sides,
about one-fourth of an inch ; to show also its cavity, which is di-
vided into cervix and fundus : the fundus is smooth and nearly
triangular ; the cervix is nearly ds long as the fundus, rugous like
the branches of a tree: bristles are in the Fallopian tubes.
No. 28. 5. A section transversely through Uterus, between
cervix and fundus, and through the broad ligaments; the prepara-
138
FEMALE ORGANS.
tion hangs side ways by the right Fallopian tube, near its fimbria.
The cavity of the uterus in this view is not half an inch long, and
is merely a line in breadth, but not a straight line, making a por-
tion of a circle ; the Fallopian tube makes the upper edge of
the broad ligament, the ovarium is behind in that ligament, and
the round ligament is before : the fimbriae of the external orifice
of the Fallopian tube are continued down half an inch to the body
of ovarium, and form as it were a fringed chain of connection.
No. 29. s. The Labia, Vagina, Uterus, and Rectum slit open :
the cervix uteri is the principal object; the rugae in it resemble
the long leaves of rushes from a middle stem ; the cervix is much
longer than the fundus ; both taken together are not above two
inches in length, the breadth is about one inch at the very upper-
most part of fundus : there are bristles in the interior orifices of
the Fallopian tubes.
No. 29. a. s. Cervix Uteri laid open, the rugae pennatae ex-
ceedingly beautiful.
No. 30. s. A similar preparation, only it is opened behind, and
the Bladder is opened on the fore part; the rugae in the cervix
uteri are still more beautiful than in the former, and run up from
os Tincae nearly one-fourth of an inch ; on the antei’ior part are
seen the crura clitoridis, and body.
No. 30. a. The Cervix Uteri laid open, with Ovaria and Fal-
lopian tubes. Vagina laid open, and external parts: on the other
side a portion of Bladder is preserved.
No. 31. 5. Ditto, injected red; the body of this Uterus is not
in the same direction as vagina, but inclined to the right, and the
cervix and fundus are nearly equal in length.
No. 32. s. The same preparation as No. 29, injected red, from
a young Child ; the uterus seems to be all cervix, as the rugae ex-
tend to the upper side ; the vagina is finely corrugated, like the
surface of water from a gentle breeze.
No. 33. The anterior half of Vagina and Uterus, with a small
portion of Bladder; the uterus is small as from a young creature,
and inclined to the left ; the ovaria are oblong and shaped some-
thing like the human spleen.
l-'EMALE ORGANS,
139
No. 35. s. The anterior half of Uterus: the cavity of the
Uterus is nearly triangular, the convex sides of the lines are
turned towards the cavity, &c. : this gives the uterus within
something of the shape of the quadruped’s, that is of two horns,
each horn running towards the Fallopian tube.
No. 35. a. An Uterus laid open, showing the same horned-
like appearance in the fundus uteri.
No. 36. s. A preparation much resembling No. 35. a. The
inner surface of Uterus has a loose membrane on it like decidua,
and is porous instead of being nearly smooth.
No. 36. a. s. An Uterus laid open, whose inner surface is
covered with a membrane denser than in the former case, and
which in some places is removed ; the Ovaria are laid open,
showing large vesicles, as if there was a tendency to dropsy.
No. 38. s. Labia, Vagina and Uterus opened behind. Bladder
opened before; the direction of cervix uteri obliquely to the
right, and making an obtuse angle with vagina;, there is a quill
in meatus urinae.
No. 39. s. A similar preparation, shows ditto ; there seems to
be a sloughing disposition in the inner surface of the bladder
Case not known.
No. 40. s. Uterus and Vagina divided into an anterior and pos-
terior half, the anterior turned up : the cavity of uterus is nearly
a rectilineal triangle, and strongly marked as distinct from cervix.
No. 41. a. Similar; not described in MSS.
No. 41. s. Ovarium and Fallopian tube in the broad ligament
of the uterus; there is a bristle in the tube ; the fringed border . of
its exterior orifice is seen resembling the flower of a pink in some
degree; ovarium is about the size of a large almond, and tuber-
culated externally.
No. 42. s. Ditto : the fimbriae run for more than an inch be-
tween Fallopian tube and ovarium ; make two rows as it were.
No. 43. s. Fallopian tube slit open its whole length, to show
(hat it is broader near the external, and narrow, very narrow, to-
140
FEMALE ORGANS.
wards the uterus; its inner surface is also thrown into longitu-
dinal rugae, like those internal surfaces which are occasionally to
be distended.
No. 44. s. A very uncommon specimen of disease, not only from
size, but from situation. The Uterus appears perfectly healthy at
the cervix, and the Fallopian tubes and ovaria are in their natural
state : there arises from the fundus uteri an uncommonly large
scirrhous substance, consisting of two irregularly rounded masses
joined together by a narrow neck, and feeling almost like the
substance of gravid uterus; the smaller of these rounded masses
is next the uterus ; the larger is at a greater distance, and must have
occupied a great part of the abdomen : there is a section through
the whole mass, exhibiting the true scirrhous appearance : the
largest mass is about twenty-one inches round, and the whole
weighing five pounds six ounces.
No. 45. s. The posterior half of Uterus : the cavity is triangu-
lar, the cervix very rugous, the os tincae is a round hole, and just
admits a bristle (much narrower than usual); the ovarium of the
left side is dropsical, and larger than a Child’s head at birth.
No. 45. b. s. The right half of Uterus : Ovarium of that side
dropsical, and twice the size of No. 45.
No. 45. c. s. One side of the Fundus Uteri, with the broad
ligament, ovaria, and tubes ; bristles in these tubes their whole
length : on the body of the uterus are two scirrhous tubercles,
the largest about the size of the first joint of one’s finger; one
ovarium is dropsical, nearly the size of a hen s egg.
No. 45. d. s. Broad Ligament, Ovarium, and Fallopian tube;
ovarium dropsical, size of a small walnut.
No. 45. e. The same parts, same disease ; ovarium larger than
a common orange.
No. 46. s. The right half of Uterus ; the tumor of ovarium
also solid in many parts.
No. 46. a. s. A portion of an encysted Dropsy of Ovarium ;
size of an orange, full of a glairy fluid which coagulates in spirits,
but was originally transparent.
I'KMALE OKGANS.
141
No. 46. h, s. A very large portion of the same diseased Ovari-
um ; the jelly scooped out ; the different cysts, many of them
communicating with one another, exposed : on one side is seen a
portion of the diaphragm, with a very large ossiBcation in it ; also
a portion of the lungs, showing that the ovarium had reached so
high.
No. 47. s. The posterior half of Uterus: from its internal sur-
face a number of small polypi hang by slender roots ; and in the
ovarium of the left side is a very large bag, which contained a fluid
forming dropsy of the ovarium.
No. 48. s. A Tumor which adhered to the outside of the
Fundus Uteri by a slender membranous peduncle, and contained
a fluid.
No. 49- A dropsical Tumor in the left Ovarium; divided
internally into cells.
No. 50. s. A large portion of dropsical Ovaria; in most places
become solid, spongy and cellular.
No. 50. a. s. Uterus adult, slit open : left Ovarium was drop-
sical to a very great size ; a portion still remains, and consists of a
jellying fluid, in large cells.
No. 50. b. s. One of these Cells about the size of a small
orange ; and the jellied fluid hanging from a hole in the side.
No. 50. c. s. Broad Ligament, with Fallopian tube, and a
dropsical ovarium ; size of an orange; injected red.
No. 50. e. 5. Uterus; the left ovarium dropsical, and of the
size of a small pear : dissecting room.
No. 51. 5. A Dropsy of the Ovarium, of the size of a small hen’s
egg-
No. 52. s. An Ovarium cut open to show cells of the size of
common peas, containing jelly, and forming the basis of future
dropsy.
No. 52. a. s. An Uterus laid open; having very large ovaria,
apparently hollow in some places, so as to be beginning to become
dropsical.
11-2
FIOMALE ORGANS.
No. 53. a. s. Posterior half of Uterus, with tlie right Ovarium
enlarged to the size of a Child’s head at birth, internally full of
suet and hair : one half.
No. 53. s. Other half Ditto : no Foetus, nor bone.
No. 54. s. An Ovarium of the same kind full of suet and hair,
about the size of a hen’s egg.
No. 54. h. A Ball of this suet and hair in spirits.
No. 55. a. Fibrous tumor attached to broad ligament; injected
red: not described in MSS.
No. 55. A Tuft of hair from an ovarium, very considerable.
No. 56. Ditto.
No. 57. s. Uterus, Vagina, and Bladder from a Woman in the
dissecting room : the body of the uterus pretty sound, but the
ovaria of both sides much enlarged and ulcerated; several ab-
scesses were also found, and the disease had extended to the
bladder, which has two holes communicating with these abscesses :
these holes are pointed out by quills.
No. 57. a. s. The Uterus, Vagina, and Bladder of a Woman
from the dissecting room, all laid open : cervix uteri and upper
part of vagina all cancerous and ragged; a large opening also
between vagina[and bladder, sufficient to pass a walnut.
No. 57. h. s. An Uterus opened ; also from the dissecting room ;
rather larger than natural: ovaria forming two scirrhous tumors
about the size of walnuts; one half of each is removed, to show
internal scrophulous looking texture.
■ No 57. c. Ditto, from a Woman in Charles Street, whose
cystic duct is described as ulcerated from a Gall Stone, as large
as a walnut and falling into the abdomen (vide No. 58. U).
Cavity of the uterus considerably enlarged, and a pendulous polj-
pus from the fundus seen also: both ovaria scirrhous; one is ossi-
fied quite, and both as large as oranges ; os tincm makes here a
round hole, notan oval: she was reputed indeedas a maid; abou 5 .
No. 58. 5. Uterus, Vagina, and Vulva; vagina is obliteiated
about an inch within the vestibulum, probably from long continue
venereal inflammation.
FEMALE ORGANS.
143
No. 59* One half of the Uterus, in a section from side to side ;
fundus uteri rather large; there is an obliteration of the cervix
just where fundus begins ; similar to stricture in the urethra.
No. 59- a. a. A section of another Uterus, with a similar
stricture, but not so complete.
No. 59. a. s. The Bladder, and Uterus also of a Maid at forty-
five: os tinc£E here also round; but it is principally intended to
show Uterus growing close to the Bladder: the os tincre pressed
on the neck of the bladder, and occasioned inability to make
water; even the catheter could not be introduced till she was
bled; was at this rate bled about three hundred times in five years:
was now dropsical.
No. 59. h. s. An Uterus about the size of the impregnated at
two months, diseased apparently : rectum is laid open behind, and
is evidently cancerous.
No. 60. 5. Vagina inverted, dissected off from the posterior side
of the Bladder, also carried downwards and forwards; the bladder
opened at one part to show that it was full of stones, and a quill
passing from this opening, goes out at meatus urinae, which from
the retroversion of the bladder now looks upwards.
No. 60. a. An Uterus also inverted ; Vagina slit open.
No. 61. s. Uterus and Vagina from the dissecting room; va-
gina had been so inverted and exposed to the air, that it had ac-
quired the look of skin, and was hard, and callous ; the cavity
of uterus internally black ; both ovaria were becoming dropsical.
No. 61. a. s. A bearing down or inversion of the Vagina; a
bougie in meatus urinae, and another in os tine® ; a section’of
the rectum behind also stretched out by a bent bougie • the
bladder moderately distended, also seen lying above, insteld of
beiore uterus.
No. 61. -5. A similar preparation, only the Os Pubis is pre-
served in situ ; vagina slit open behind shows that fundus uteri
has descended very low, so that os tine® projects out of the body
mside of vagina, putting the appearance and hardness of an out’
144
FEMAT.E ORGANS,
No. 61. c. s. A similar preparation from a smaller subject, os
pubis wanting ; the exposed surface of vagina, from the urine
perhaps falling on it, or from friction or both, is ulcerated in
several parts: dissecting room.
No. 62. s. Vagina inverted : it sloughed away entirely from
os tincse : the woman notwithstanding recovered.
No. 62. a s. The Uterus and Vagina of Mrs. Crook, who
died of dropsy of the right ovarium, and had besides an exceed-
ingly large umbilical rupture : vagina is opened to show the bed of
a large pessary, which was encrusted with a coat of coagulable
lymph and calcareous earth, so as to feel like stone; one edge of
the pessary had made its way through vagina : there had been
considerable bearing down, and discharge per vaginam.
No. 64. s. An Uterus, one half removed ; there are two scirr-
hous tubercles in the substance of the fundus, one about the size
of a large pea, the other of a large nut ; ovaria externally convo-
luted like the brain of some small quadruped.
No. 65; 5. Uterus and Vagina; uterus opened; a scirrhous tu-
bercle in the substance of the fundus, about the size of a large nut.
No. 65. a. s. Uterus, with Vagina opened behind; upper side of
vagina and cervix both beautifully rugous, substance of the
uterus thickened, and of the tuberculated texture ; a considerable
tubercle on the posterior part of fundus, size of a small walnut.
No. 65. h. Tumors similar in structure in substance of uterus,
and attached to broad ligament.
No. 66- s. Uterus, Vagina removed ; a still larger scirrhous
tubercle on the substance of the fundus : uterus half divided
through the fundus to show this.
No. 67. Uterus cut open, one half turned down; internally and
externally full of scirrhous tubercles, and enlarged to three or four
times its natural size.
Nos. 67. a. 67. b. 67. c. s. Three sections transversely of the
same Uterus, scirrhous and enlarged to the size of a gravid uterus
at siz months ; there was a foetid discharge and hectic fever: it was
in a milliner about forty-five, who was also a maid.
FEMALK ORGANS.
145
No. 69. s. Uterus and Vagina slit open : a large ossified tumour
about the size of a Child’s head at birth, appears to have grown
in the substance of the fundus; internally, (for it is almost divided
into two) it seems to have been cellular, and to have contained a
fluid.
No. 70. s. Uterus and Vagina slit open; in the middle of the
fundus, on the back parts appears a small polypus hanging by a
very narrow neck.
No. 70. b. s. Uterus and Vagina slit open ; a tubercle attached
by a small peduncle, is seen in the fundus of the uterus like a
small garden bean : several very small ones are also seen in the
cervix.
No. 70. d. s. Uterus and Bladder, the anterior part of bladder
removed: on the anterior side of the uterus appears a pretty
large tubercle; these are turned up, and show cavity of the
uterus behind, with a bristle in the Fallopian tube.
No. 72. s. Uterus slit open ; a polypus with a pretty broad
neck appears in the substance of the fundus, with a black bristle
tied round it ; the polypus is not larger than the end of one’s
finger.
No. 73. s. Uterus slit open; one half turned up, the other
down, two polypi appear in its fundus, one as large as a filbert, the
other about one-fourth of that size.
No. 74. s. Uterus, and Vagina slit open; shows a polypus as
large as a Child’s head at birth, hanging by a peduncle not above
one-eighth of an inch diameter, and which therefore might easily
have been extirpated.
No. 74. Cl, s. Uterus and Vagina slit open nearly their whole
length: shows a polypus larger than a Child’s head at birth,
filling up vagina ; it hangs from the fundus uteri by a peduncle,
as thick as one’s finger, and about an inch and a half in length.
Dr. Hunter attempted to tie it several times, without success,
chiefly from Its great size ; at an earlier period there would have
been no difficulty in tying it.
T
140
FEMALE ORGANS,
No. 75. s. Uterus and Vagina slit open: a Polypus of the size
of a very large walnut appears in the fundus; is almost perfectly
spherical, and internally spongy.
No. 76. 5. A section through fundus Uteri and Vagina: a
polypus growing out of the substance of fundus uteri, not by a
small neck, but as if uterus at once became a polypus ; it fills up
half vagina, and is half the size of a Child’s head at birth : no
operation could here succeed.
No. 77. s. The other, and largest portion of Ditto.
No. 78. s. Uterus dilated by a pyramidal polypus to the size of
a gravid uterus at five months ; vagina and uterus opened : the
polypus adheres by its base to the fundus uteri, but it is not con-
nected with the uterus any where else, and its apex is just push-
ing through Os Tincae.
No. 79. s. A Polypus, got by extirpation from the living subject ;
cut into two : it is now white, and free from blood, internally
spongy, and inclined to the nature of ligamentous fibre ; size of
one’s fist.
No. 80. s. Ditto, smaller; procured ditto; treated ditto.
No. 81. S'. Ditto, size of a common pear.
No. 82. a. (Not described : to section N. N.)
No. 82. s. Ditto, a little smaller.
No. 83. s. Ditto, very white, more loose in texture, but larger
than the last, round.
No. 83. a, s. Ditto, ditto, extracted from the living body by
ligature, size of a large orange.
No. 84. s. Ditto, very loose in texture, and oblong.
No. 85. s. Ditto, very small, but very white, round, size of
walnut.
No. 86. s. Ditto, size of one’s fist, grayish, tattered.
No. 87. s. Ditto, same size, one section turned down; inclining
to black gray.
FEMALE ORGANS.
U7
No. 88. s. Ditto ; a white one, ragged and loose in texture
smaller than the last. *
N.B. All these xvhite or gray y and with small peduncles.
No. 89. s. Ditto, half white, half bloody, size of ordinary pear.
No. 89. a. s. A bloody Polypus of the Uterus, extracted by
ligature by Dr. Hunter; about the size of a pear, with a peduncle
an inch long and thick as a goose quill.
No. 90. s. A very large one, equal to a very large fist, very
loose, very bloody.
No. 91. 5. Ditto, a little less, ditto.
Nos. 92. s. 93. s. Polypi procured also by extirpation from the
living subject ; very bloody, and nearly the size of one’s fist.
No. 95. s. An Uterus, size of the pregnant at three months, with
a very bloody polypus adhering to its fundus : size of one’s fist.
No. 96. s. A very bloody Placenta with a portion of mem-
branes, which had been fraudulently introduced into the uterus,
and afterwards extracted by a practitioner, as a real polypus.
No. 97. s. Uterus slit open from before ; it is of the size of the
impregnated uterus at two months ; the woman, however, was not
pregnant, but had the Furor Uterinus.
No. 97. a. An Uterus and Vagina slit open; there was no
ovarium on one side, and the Fallopian tube terminated about
half-an-inch from the fundus in a cul de sac.
No. 98. 5. Vagina and Uterus slit open from behind: os tincse,
cervix uteri, and upper part of vagina destroyed by an ulcer;
commonly termed cancer of the uterus.
No. 100. s. Ditto, Bladder also open before; ulceration
smaller about os tincse, about the size of a shilling; same appear-
ance in the bladder in the side next uterus.
No. 101..?. DiUo; the whole cervix, and almost the whole
vagina destroyed internally by ulceration.
148
FEMALE OKGANS.
No. 101. 6. A Cervix Uteri cancerous, much thickened, and
enlarged.
No. 101. a. s. An Uterus, cervix uteri, and greater part of vagina
destroyed by cancerous ulcer, also opening into the bladder before.
No. 102. s. Ditto, ditto ; also a hole large enough to admit a
walnut between vagina and bladder, from ulceration.
No. 102. a. s. Ditto, ditto.
No. 103. s. Ditto, ditto ; only the hole not so large ; little else
of the body of the uterus than the mere fundus remains ; also the
greater part of the vagina is destroyed.
No. 104. s. Vagina ulcerated to very tatters; a considerable
portion of bladder removed to show this ; fundus uteri entire.
No. 104. a. s. A section through a cancerous Uterus: vagina
and bladder, os tincae, and the greatest part of cervix ulcerated to
tatters ; scirrhous masses are seen formed on the outside of uterus
and vagina, which increase it to bulk of a child's head at birth ;
bladder internally beautifully rugous.
No. 104. h. s. Other half Ditto.
No. 104. c. s. Section through a similar Uterus and Vagina;
shows the same disease as the last, but not so far advanced.
No. 104. d. s. Other half Ditto; to the left ovarium is seen
attached a mass of diseased absorbent glands.
No. 104. e. s. An Uterus of the same kind; vagina opened be-
fore shows os tincae in shreds, and that the ulceration has gone
through to rectum itself.
No. 105. s. Uterus slit open; rather large, like No. 97, but
on the posterior part has a large portion of thickened omentum
adhering to it, showing that it had once been inflamed. (Case
not known.)
No. 106. s. Os Tincse and upper part of Vagina, destroyed by
ulceration; a kind of fungus is seen in the bottom of the bladder,
which is open before.
BREASTS, WOMEN.
149
No. 106. a. s. A cancerous Uterus, where the Cervix Uteri is
destroyed by ulceration, a communication being made behind
and before with the rectum and bladder. From a woman in the
dissecting-room, 1782.
No. 106. s. An Uterus, with the broad ligament of one side;
there is to be seen a scirrhous tubercle arising from the fundus
uteri, and another at the side of the uterus, near the origin of the
broad ligament.
No. 16. a. External and internal parts of generation; the
clitoris and its prepuce so large as to resemble the corresponding
organs in the other sex. (Not described.)
No. 16. b.s. External parts of generation. (Not described, mark-
ed on glass R. R. 60. c.)
Nos. 109.
110.
111.
112. 5.
113. 5.
114.5. I
Not described in Hunterian MSS.
115. 5.
116. 5.
117.5.
118.5.
119. 5. j
BREASTS, WOMEN. D. D.
No. 1. 5. A perpendicular section through the nipple and body
of the Mamma, from a girl at puberty, so as to look on the cut
edges ; the integuments are in situ : the gland is somewhat circu-
lar, and about three inches in diameter, and one in thickness at
the centre; the substance of the gland is injected red, and is
easily distinguished by its red white, from the yellow white of
the intermixed lumps of fat.
No. 2. 5. A horizontal section of the Mamma of the opposite
side, from the same Girl; shows very well the intermixture of fat
with the glandular substance, also that the very centre is all
substance of gland without the least fat.
150
UREA, STS, WOMEN,
No. 3. s. A perpendicular section, being the central portion of
the adult Mamma, about an inch broad, and including the nipple;
there appears to be more of gland, and less of fat than in the young
one: the point of the nipple is cut off to look on the divided
Tubuli Lactiferi.
No. 4. s. The central portion of the Mamma from a pregnant
woman: the areola is of a dark brown, except where cuticle and
rete mucosum have been removed ; there it is a perfect white, and
shows that the blackness depended on rete mucosum.
No. 5. s. A portion of the Mamma, in which the tubuli lac-
tiferi are filled with red corroding injection; their diameters near
the nipple are larger than those of crow quills.
No. 6. t. Ditto, filled with mercury ; many of the tubes are as
large as writing pens.
No. 7. t. One of the Mammae in the pregnant Rabbit, about
three inches long, and two broad : near the nipple the tubuli
enlarge into reservoirs nearly as large as gun bullets, then grow
narrower as they come to the nipple; the gland is not completely
filled, as it required the injecting tube to be introduced into
distinct tubuli, in order to fill more than a portion ; the follicles
are not only found with small peduncles on the extreme branches,
but form cells without any peduncle on the bodies of the great
trunks before they ramify.
No. 8. t. The Mamma of a Negro girl, injected from the nipple
with mercury, by two tubes only; a very large portion of the
gland towards its outer edge is filled, more than could probably
belong to one tubulus, so that the extreme branches of the tubuli
communicate with one another, contrary to what we found in the
Rabbit; there is no communication, however, near the nipple;
and the’ thickest tubes are little larger than crow quills: she was
not pregnant.
No 9 i A most beautiful injection of about one-fourth of the
Mamma, 'from a woman (B. H.), who died just after delivery. The
tubuli are filled with mercury, but not seen distinctly, on account
BREASTS, WOMEN,
151
ot the vast number of follicles, and that the preparation which
was removed out of spirits of wine into turpentine, is not yet per-
fectly dried.
No. 9« h. t. A beautiful injection of the Female Breast; tubuli
partly filled with mercury, and partly with red injection ; this last
has run to considerable minuteness ; shows the conglomerated
structure of the gland, but not the follicular.
No. 10. t. The Mamma of a newly-delivered Woman (B. H).
The tubuli still larger perhaps than in the last, and filled all round
with mercury: none of this has got into the follicles, but an ab-
sorbent vessel was filled from the cavity of one of the tubuli near
the nipple; this runs into a gland of the size of a small pea, half-
way between the nipple and axilla.
No. 10. a. t. Two of the Mammae from a Bitch of the bull-dog
size, some weeks after suckling : tubuli are not quite so large as in
women, nor has the mercury run sufficiently minutely to fill the
follicles; they are beautifully radiated, however, and several ab-
sorbent vessels have been filled from the cavity of the tubes near
the nipple ; those run between the skin and mamma upwards, in
the direction of left subclavian.
No. 11.5. The central portion of a Mamma, with twelve black
bristles introduced into the orifices of as many tubuli on the
nipple.
No. 12. 5. The Nipple merely, with 25 bristles introduced into
as many tubes on its point.
No. 13. 5. Ditto, ditto, with nearly as many.
No. 14. s, 15. a. s. Twoportions of cancerous breasts: (Miss E.),
cut off 1780; Hydatids: other bought.
Nos. 16. 5. ■
17. 5.
18. s.
19. s. Not described in
20. 5.
21. 5.
22. 5.
Hunterian MSS.
152
1$RAIN.
BRAIN. E. E.
No. 3. s. The superior part of the Brain of a Child injected
red, to show that it is divided into two lateral hemispheres, and
convoluted.
No. 5. s. The Pia Mater injected red; the injection has re-
turned by the veins colourless : the processes on its under surface
which pass between the convolutions of the Brain, are seen ex-
ceedingly vascular.
No. 6. s. Ditto, arteries only injected red, and the processes
exceedingly distinct; these have been named Tomentum Cerebri.
No. 7.S. Ditto, the veins are white, from the colourless re-
turning injection; exceedingly beautiful and minute.
No. 9. t. Ditto from a Child, exceedingly minutely injected,
and spread on a card.
No. 9. a. The Medulla Oblongata from an adult, turned upside
down, to show the loose floating Tunica Arachnoides. It is sus-
pended by two threads fixed to the two vertebral arteries, which
were cut through close to the inside of the dura mater.
No. 12. s. The superior longitudinal Sinus laid open to show
the bridles or frsena, which pass from side to side, to prevent its
unusual distention.
No. 12. a. 5. A portion of Dura Mater; arteries injected red, to
considerable minuteness.
No. 12. 6. s. A portion of Dura Mater; longitudinal sinus laid
open, shows round bodies in clusters, the supposed glands of Pac-
chionus ; and two bristles in veins, show that these veins open into
the sinus against the current of the blood.
No. 12. c. s. Ditto, the arteries and veins full of their own
blood, coagulated by vinegar.
No 13 The basis of the Skull from a Child, injected red ;
the lateral parts removed to show the exit of the mne pairs of
cerebral nerves; the olfactory in particular, are very distinct, very
BRA IN’.
153
vascular, and ramify over the ethmoid cribriform lamella; they
are all pointed out by black bristles.
No. 13. c. s. The whole Brain of the Turtle, with a consider-
able portion of the cranium and upper jaw; the olfactory nerves
are exceedingly large, and are traced into the cavity of the skull
itself.
No. 14. a. s. One lobe of the adult human Brain, in which the
lateral ventricle is seen rather larger than usual; but as the cranium
was of the usual size, and the substance of the brain very firm, it
is rather an instance of large ventricle, than of hydrocephalus.
No. 14. h. s. The other lobe Ditto, in which also the plexus
choroides is left in the ventricle ; in both ventricles a very fine
lining or pia mater is seen, in which, however, the blood vessels,
still full of their own blood, appear very large and radiated, es-
pecially about the posterior part of the ventricle.
No. 15. s. The basis of the Skull from a Child, injected red;
it is intended as a counterpart to No. 13; shows the beds of the
middle and anterior lobus cerebri, and that of the cerebellum ;
shows also the origins of the nerves within the skull ; shows also
infundibulum exceedingly vascular, and seemingly rather a solid
cylinder than a tube.
No. 16. s, A section of Cerebellum; it hangs by one of the
peduncles, or crura cerebelli : it shows the convolutions of the
cerebellum smaller, and more parallel than those of the Brain;
the internal whiter substance forming arbor vitse, is seen branch-
ing between the convolutions of a darker ash-coloured cortical
substance; the convolutions of the last substance go deeper in
proportion, in some places, than in the Brain.
No. 16. a. 16. L s. Sections of the Cerebellum of a man who had
been long mad, and died so: the appearance in the centre of the
medullary part of cerebellum, which resembles the section of a
renal capsule, was thought at first peculiar; but by comparing it
with others, it appears common though unnoticed; the brown
lines are irreplarly oval, and at first sight put one in mind of a
drawing in miniafure of some fortification.
U
154
BRAIN.
No. 17. s. The Cerebellum from a Child injected, half-dried,
and put afterwards into spirits: it gives a very fine idea of the
great vascularity of cerebellum.
No. 18. s. The Pia Mater of Cerebellum, with its processes
which run in between the convolutions pretty entirely removed,
and injected red; the injection has passed colourless from the
arteries into the veins: it shows same thing as the last.
No. 19. s. A section of Cerebellum from a very young Child;
the vessels of the pia mater being black, show how deep its pro-
cesses go.
No. 20. s. The Crura of Cerebrum and Cerebellum, and a portion
of Medulla Oblongata: third, and fourth ventricles are laid open;
a bristle passes through the iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum .
another passes under commissura posterior, into the third ventri-
cle; a third bristle passes across the upper part of fourth ventricle,
in the place of valvula major.
No. 20. a. Tuberculum Annulare ; Corpora Albicantia of Wil-
lis, Pyramidalia, and Olivaria; third and fourth Ventricles: some
nerves (origins of the seventh pair) are seen naked in the bottom
of the fourth ventricle, with bristles under them.
No. 21. s. A portion of Medulla Oblongata: it shows tuber-
culum annulare on one side, with corpora olivaria and pyrami-
dalia ; on the other side is seen the fourth ventricle open : the
tuberculum annulare, or pons Varolii stands above the corpora
olivaria and pyramidalia; the last named bodies are in the middle,
the olivaria on each side of them ; the fourth ventricle is of the
lozenge shape, and at the lower angle has been suspected to com-
municate with a cavity running the whole length of the spinal
marrow, and occupying its centre.
No. 22. s. Ditto : the basilary artery lies over the tuberculum
annulare; on the same side low down are seen two round bodies
over a bristle, viz : the Corpora Albicantia of Willis: on the other
side we see the fourth ventricle open, and a bristle passing the
white cord, supposed a nerve beginning; it does not look like a
blood vessel: there is a strong appearance of nerves passing
between one part of the brain and another, as well as from the
brain to other parts.
BliAlN.
155
No. 22. a. s. Ditto, showing more distinctly the crura of the
cerebrum and cerebellum; the corpora olivaria and pyramidalia
are likewise very distinct ; on the other side are seen the corpora
quadrigemina, and the vermiform process over the fourth ventricle.
No. 23. .Corpora Olivaria, and Pyramidalia.
No. 23. a. s. A portion of Medulla Oblongata from a Child
five months old ; it shows principally corpora olivaria on the out-
side of corpora pyramidalia, exceedingly distinct and beautiful.
No. 24. s. The same preparation as No. 21 ; perhaps distincter :
more dissected.
No. 24. c. s. A portion of Intestine, and large portion of Mes-
entery from the Ostrich ; arteries injected red, veins yellow : the
nerves may be traced, and are pointed out by black bristles from
the root of the mesentery to the intestine itself.
No. 25. s. The Dura Mater from a patient, who died in
Chelsea Hospital, having long had St. Vitus’s Dance : a very
strong thick. membrane formed between dura mater and brain,
is seen turned down ; this covered only one hemisphere of the
brain, and must have owed its existence to great inflammation:
described by Mr. Adair Hawkins.
No. 25. a. s. Dura Mater from a Child of six years old ; had the
symptoms of worms and hydrocephalus ; there is an adventitious
membrane evidently from extravasated coagulated blood, and
which explains No. 25 ; there had been once inflammation of the
dura mater, and of the lining membrane of the ventricles con-
stituting the first stage of hydrocephalus; the consequence was
water in the ventricles to a considerable amount. (Dr. Saunder’s
Case.) (Vid. MSS.)
No. 26. a. s. Five Tubercles strung upon a thread; they are
hard and of the scrophulous kind ; found in the substance of the
brain of a child injected for blood vessels: the largest is as big as
a walnut, the smallest like a very large pea.
No. 27. 5. A soft pulpy Tumour which had formed a bed for
itself on the upper surface of the brain, large enough to admit a
child’s fist; made its way through the top of the skull, and rose
above the surface of the frontal and parietal bones, for more than
two inches in height, and four or five in breadth.
BllAIN.
16()
No. 27. h, s. A portion of the Skull, Dura Mater, and pos-
terior lobe of the Cerebrum from an old gentlewoman, aged
about seventy. A tumour rose gradually on the occiput. She
consulted, me about two years before. It appeared to me to be
a swelling of the bone itself; at least it felt as hard as bone, and was
smooth, rising gradually from its extreme boundary, as in swellings
of bone. It gave her no uneasiness, and I advised doing nothing.
Her friends desired me to examine it after death. She had continued
well till within a short time of her death, when she became
gradually sleepy, and more and more insensible till she died,
after two or three days of total insensibility. It was a case
similar to that of Hocquets, and of the old man in Monmouth
street, and the case by Mr. Wathen.
No. 28. s. Inflammation, and Suppuration with Ulcer in the
posterior part of the posterior lobus cerebri ; the dura mater near •
the lateral sinus was corroded, and the sinus nearly dissected
round; (Mrs. Bell’s case); died suddenly: there were other
tumours externally on the [skull ?J: suspected venereal disease,
(case wrote out).
No. 29. s. A portion of diseased Brain, to show inflammation
of the cortical substance. (Case unknown, dissecting room).
No. 30. s. Suppuration of the Tuberculum Annulare, producing
palsy of the upper extremities with some hydrocephalic symptoms,
and killing in about two months. (Dr. Cooper’s case, wrote out
and drawn).
No. 31. s. Plexus Ch oroides, of either side, with some hard
tubercles in them. (Case unknown).
No. 32. s. Ditto, with large ossified tubercles, from a woman
who died mad.
No. 32. a. s. The basilary and carotid arteries within the skull,
spread on blue paper, to show universal ossification ; from a gen-
tleman (Mr. Clive), who died apoplectic.
No. 22. b. s. A portion of Corpus Striatum and Thalamus
Nervi Optici of one side, from the same subject as the last;
BRAIN.
J57
plexus choroides also adheres in situ: a coagulum of blood as
large as the end of one’s finger is seen in the centre of corpus
striatum; there was a coagulum as large as an orange in another
part.
No. 33. s. A perpendicular section of a Woman’s Head, injec-
ted red ; the section is through the brain, by the side of the fal.-
ciform process: shows one side of the left hemisphere of the
brain, lateral ventricle, nervi optici, arbor vitae, one side of
medulla oblongata, and a portion of medulla spinalis ; the inner
cavity of the nose, cavity of the mouth and one half of the
tongue, some part of trachea, pharynx, and oesophagus.
No. 34. 5. The other half Ditto; here besides what is seen in
the former we see septum narium, genio-glossus, larynx, pharynx,
and oesophagus, still better.
No. 35. s. A cross section of the head of a young Woman, in-
jected as the last ; all behind the ears is cut oflF: it shows the
cavities of the nose and mouth, the orifice of the windpipe, pala-
tum molle,. and uvula from behind; shows also the brain in this
kind of section, how deep its convolutions go, &c.
No. 37. The Brain of the Turtle injected red : it appears to
consist of five lobes of different magnitudes, which internally are
either hollow, or contain a medullary substance, like a nucleus or
kernel within its shell; what corresponds to fourth ventricle in
man is exceedingly large.
No. 37. a. 5. Ditto; not so minutely injected, and the lobes
not divided.
No. 39. a. s. Upper part of Spinal Marrow; basilary artery in-
jected red, with the vertebrals, and sending off the arterise
spinales.
No. 42. s. One half of adult Spinal Marrow; dura matral coat
removed on one side, to look on the size of the medullary portion,
With the origins of the nerves.
No. 43. The other half ditto; showing ditto.
158
BlUIN.
No. 44. s. A Foetal Medulla Spinalis injected red; dura matral
coat removed, except on the sides ; shows ditto.
No. 45. s. A section through an incurvated portion of Spine,
about the uppermost vertebrae of the neck, from a child 12 years
old; died paralytic, arms, &c. ; spinal marrow pressed on by the
angle of incurvation ; in other places the vertebrae carious, and
spinal marrow bare.
No. 46. s. Portion of adult Spinal Marrow, with a tumor, size
of a large filbert, adhering; the cause of palsy in the lower ex-
tremities. (Dr. Knox.)
No. 47. 5. Spina Bifida in a Child at Birth unopened; tu-
mour, size of an orange.
No. 48. s. Ditto; very young; external integuments removed :
the spinal process of last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae want-
ing, forming an oval of an inch long, and half an inch broad.
No. 49. s. Ditto, older, dissected ; dura matral coat likewise
wanting, and the nerves pushed out, forming right angles nearly
with medulla spinalis, and adhering to the sides of the sac.
No. 49. a. s. A Spina Bifida from a Child ; the nerves not
pushed out as usual, but in their natural situation.
No. 49. h. s. Ditto.
No. 50. s. Ditto, a little older.
No. 51. s. Ditto half, injected.
No. 52. s. Ditto, injected.
No. 53. s. Other half Ditto, do.
No. 54. s. Ditto, uninjected.
No. 55. s, A very elegant dissection of Ditto ; the nerves of
canda equina seen forming right angles with the vertebral canal
passing through the middle of the sac one and a half inch in length.
No. 56. s. Ditto, ditto, very large, as one’s fist nearly; the
outward part of the sac beginning to ulcerate ; the bag would
have burst and killed the patient soon.
.EVE.
159
No. 57. s. Portion of the Spine from Lowe’s Child, where
caustics had been applied ineffectually for incurvation ; the ulcer-
ation of the body of the vertebra had gone in as far as the spinal
marrow itself.
No. 59.
6? described in Hunterian MSS.
62. s.)
No. 2. Preparation so marked, not described; does not seem
to belong to this section.
THE EYE. F. F.
No. 2. s. The left Eyebrow and Eyelids, to show the quantity of
Hair, &c.
No. 3. s. The right Eyelids injected red; bristles in the puncta
lachrymalia; the inside of the lids exceedingly vascular.
No. 4. i. The same preparation as No. 2. injected red, and
dried ; the larger vessels better seen.
No. 5. s. The left Eyelids of a Child injected red : the tunica
conjunctiva or membrane which lines them, and is continued
over the cornea, is shown as one entire bag, by inverting the
eyelids, and removing the eyeball ; the part lining the eyelids is
villous, and exceedingly vascular ; that covering the eyeball is
transparent.
No. 6. A similar preparation, the edges of the eyelids turned
up so as to make a complete pouch.
No. 6. a. s. The Eye of a Cod ; the section was made through
the ball transversely after it had been hardened in spirits: one half
13 turned up, the other with crystalline and half of the vitreous is
shll in situ ; in the turned up half the humours are removed, and
show the retina terminating by a distinct border before it comes
near crystalline ; the eyelid, which is orbicular and single, un-
perforated and transparent in the middle like another cornea, is
turned down; the retina is beautifully radiated, and behind choroid
l(j()
EYE^
is a thick fleshy substance, pointed to by a bristle, probably alter-
ing the shape of the humours, drawing crystalline back, &c.,
according to circumstances.
No. 8. s. The Tarsus or cartilage of the eyelid, dissected with
its ligament ; a bristle in one of the puncta.
No. 9. s. A couple of Eyelids injected red ; the principal object
is the orifices of the glands of the tarsus, on the inner edge of
each eyelid ; they range in one line regularly and at equal dis-
tances, nearly ; in the under eyelids the secretion of the glands is
seen coagulated by the spirit, and hanging from the orifices like
minute globules of glass.
No. 10. .9. The left Eyeball, "with the Eyelids; the lachrymal
gland is seen dissected above the outer angle of the eye; four
bristles are introduced into the ducts of this gland, in the under
side of the upper eyelid, near the angle.
No. 10. a. s. Section of the Eye of the Whale, (not described.)
No. 12. s. Both Eyelids, the gland removed, but bristles in
the ducts; the secretion of the tarsal glands in drops on the
orifices beautifully seen here.
No. 13. t. The Lachrymal Gland of a Sheep, having one large
duct only; injected with quicksilver.
No. 13. a. t. The Eyelids, with the Lachrymal Gland of the
Goose beautifully injected with quicksilver; the duct will easily
admit a crow quill, and the cells of the gland are most distinctly
follicular;' the gland is as large as the human, and remarkable
in proportion to the size of the animal; the secretion here is
ropy.
No. 13. a. a. t. The Lachrymal Gland of the Goose, injected
with mercury, in situ under the eyelid ; it is much inferior to
No. 13. a.; and some of the follicles are seen collapsed, after hav-
ing been nearly dried full.
No. 13. b. t. The Eyelids, with the Lachrymal Gland of the
Turtle injected with quicksilver: a conglomerated follicular
gland; it has but one duct, which will nearly admit a goose quill,
and is larger in proportion than in any other animal perhaps.
EYE.
101
No. 14. s. The same preparation, wet, and injected red from
the arteries; the substance of the gland and the membrana nic-
titans exceedingly red; the latter is also villous; the secretion of
this gland is very ropy, and not like tears; the empty cells may
be seen by a good glass, in some cut surfaces of the gland.
No. 15. s. The left Eyebrow and lids; tunica conjunctiva
beautifully injected red; the puncta lachrymalia very well seen
towards the inner angle, with bristles in them.
No. 16. s. The left Eyelids beautifully injected from a young
subject; tunica conjunctiva complete over cornea, &c.; bristles
are in the puncta lachrymalia; the eyelids detached at the outer
angle, and half inverted, to show better the puncta, or orifices of
the lachrymal sac.
No. 17. t. The same preparation, dried and spread on a glass
globe, of the size of the eye-ball; shows ditto.
No. 18. s. Ditto, uninjected.
No. 18. a. s. A section through Optic Nerve and Ball of the
Eye, the choroid coat injected with coarse injection, the artery
of the crystalline also hanging down ; humours removed and retina:
intended to show the shape of the eye-ball already described.
No. 19. s. Tunica Sclerotica, divided all round on the middle
of the ball, and one half turned up, the other down: to show the
vessels of the choroid coat injected red; they are principally vor-
ticose : the humours had escaped by a rent in one side.
No. 20. t. 1 he Ball of the Eye dried after injection, to show
its vascularity depending on the vessels of the choroid and iris;
opened behind, humours and retina gone.
No. 21. a.s. The Globe of the Eye, with the Optic Nerve;
suspended by the lenticular ganglion and its fibrils, which appear
to the number of six or seven, perforating the sclerotica on their
way to the iris itself.
No. 23. s. The Globe of the Eye : one half of cornea and
sclerotica are hirned up to show the uninjected choroid from
without ; the nigrum pigmentum shines through it.
X
No. 23. h. 5.1
> Ditto, (not described).
No. 23. c. s. j
No. 23. a. s. One half of Sclerotica turned up, in an otherwise
entire eyeball, to show choroid in its uninjected state, continued
into iris ; the former appears of a dark brown from the nigrum
pigmentum underneath, the latter of a blue and white intermixed;
the vessels of the choroid are evidently continued into the tris.
No. 24. s. The anterior half of Sclerotica, with Cornea from
an injected Eye: extravasation frequently takes place where
choroid ends, and iris begins ; the red circle seen on this in-
verted coat, shows that boundary.
No. 24. a. s. A section through the Eye, showing behind the
choroid coat beautifully injected, and before a circle round the
cornea, as in the last number.
No. 25. s. Sclerotica divided nearly all round, and Inverted ; on
its inside is seen choroid coat beautifully injected red, forming an
elegant network which every here and there forms penicilli, pro-
bably for the secretion of the vitreous humour.
No. 26. s. A section through Optic Nerve and Globe of the
Eye, to show choroid coat very minutely injected : the distinct-
ness of the preceding injection is lost.
No. 27. a. s. The posterior half of the Globe of the Eye,
humours and retina removed, to look on the minutely injected
choroid inside ; most of the great vessels appear portions of par-
allel circles, the smaller ones make an Intricate network.
No. 27. if. Choroid dried in situ, and hollow : shows as
before.
No. 27. c. s. One half of Choroid in situ, the arteries injected
red, the veins white ; the trunks of the latter are large, and as
soon as they come on choroid, divide into a great number of spiral
branches.
163
EVJ-;.
No. 27. d. s. The £3^6 of the Sea Cow, one half turned up,
the other down, humours removed ; the posterior half of choroid
is white like the retina itself, the anterior black, and the nigrum
pigment um is behind choroid.
No. 27. e. $. Ditto, shows ditto, shows also the optic nerve
fibrous like the olfactory of the Turtle.
No. 28. 5. The Eyeball, sclerotica partly removed, to look on
choroid from without; the veins are the principal object, injected
white, and forming the vasa vorticosa of Steno ; the arteries are
injected red, but less successfully: a very fine preparation.
No. 28. c. s. A section of the Coats of the E5'e, injected 5'^ellow;
in distilled water with gr. x. of spirit of sea salt; marked Jan. 15,
1778: the yellow colour of the injection is unaltered, but the
sclerotica is dissolving very fast.
No. 29. s. The Eyeball, sclerotica entirely removed, as well as
cornea; the choroid and iris are seen injected white and red,
and the termination of the one and beginning of the other dis-
tinctly seen.
No. 30. s. Ditto, the anterior half of sclerotica and cornea
removed; choroid injected red, and very vascular.
No. 30. a. e. Vessels of choroid and iris minutely injected red:
(not described).
No. 31. s. The Eyeball; the vessels of choroid continued on
to the iris.
No. 33. s. Ditto; the preparation suspended by one of these
vessels (by sclerotica); injected red.
No 34. s. Sclerotica, with the adhering Choroid, injected red,
divided into two parts, and inverted : in the lower one choroid
is seen exceedingly red ; in the upper the vessels are continued
from the ciliary processes to the iris. [?]
No. 35. t. The whole of Choroid Coat and Iris injected, and
dried on a glass globe, showing distinctly as in the former.
No. 35, a, t. Ditto, ditto.
KYK.
l()4
No. 37. s. The Globe of the Eye, witli the Optic Nerve, from
a child: cornea only is removed to look on the iris, very elegantly
injected red ; the arteries at first view seem portions of the radii
of a circle cut off at some distance from the centre, equally all
round; the middle space thus left is the pupil, and the arteries
seem to anastomose at this border. On a closer inspection these
arteries do not form straight but serpentine lines : and some of the
arteries at least appear to return on themselves, after having
touched the edge of iris.
No. 39* s. Iris, after removing Cornea, cut oflF, except at one
point from the globe of the Eye, and hanging down ; injected
red : the arteries very distinct and serpentine.
No. 40. s. The Globe of the Eye, minutely injected red ;
divided into two, except at one point; both halves inverted, one
hanging down from the other. Choroid shows the vessels very
distinctly, though not minutely; the injection has not reached the
ciliary processes: the preparation is intended to show these last in
their unirijected state; they appear like so many plaits or folds in
the anterior edge of choroid; these plaits projecting, touch the
edge of the crystalline humour, and are by some supposed liga-
ments of attachment.
No. 41. s. The same kind of preparation, only the halves are
not inverted; the choroid, and ciliary processes minutely injected
red: the ciliary processes make the line of distinction between
choroid and iris, and here seem right angled triangles; an appear-
ance more distinctly seen in the ciliary processes of the Seal’s eye.
No. 42. s. Choroid and Iris inverted, to show the ciliary pro-
cesses injected red, in a fore view, so as to look on one edge of
the triangle.
No. 43. s. The anterior half of the Globe of the Eye, in the
Ox; the ciliary processes very large; the arteries injected red,
project from the surface and form villi.
No. 44. t. Ditto, exceedingly red ; the preparation seems to
have first been steeped in spirit of wine, and then put into the
turpentine to dry ; suspended by a glass bubble.
EYE.
1(35
No. 46. s. The Choroid, Iris, and Sclerotica of the Bullock’s
Eye inverted, and hanging by the optic nerve; the arteries in-
jected red: some of the ciliary processes are bent back on pur-
pose to show the anterior side of the triangle, as it were, which
is here 1-I6th of an inch at least; the vessels of the choroid are
exceedingly beautiful, and vorticose.
No. 47. s. The same preparation as No, 43. from the Turtle:
the ciliary processes very small; project but little beyond the
surface of choroid ; the course of the arteries towards them ra-
diated, and beautifully distinct.
No. 48. s. An Ox s Eye injected red, the anterior half of
Sclerotica with Cornea removed; the choroid remarkable for its
large distinct vorticose vessels, the vessels on the iris small and
indistinct, and the pupil approaches more to an oblong, with the
angles rubbed off, than a circle; the preparation is suspended by
two glass bubbles; gives an idea of the whole vascular coat.
No. 49" ■S. The Eye of a Foetus about seven months, injected
red; cornea is removed; a very elegant vascular membrane is here
seen in contact with the crystalline humour as if the anterior half
of its capsula (but commonly detached), and shutting up the pupil;
its arteries meet seemingly in a point in the centre, others
cross from one side to the other ; the membrane is named
Pupillaris, and is lost at birth.
No. 49. a. t. Iris, with Membrana Pupilli, from the human
Foetus, injected red, previously dried and spread on green paper:
the greater number of vessels do not reach the centre, but are re-
flected back towards the inner edge of the iris; others form a
communication in the very centre of the pupil; two large trunks
are seen on each side; one from choroid, going into iris and
membrana pupilli.
No. 49. h.s. Anterior part of the Globe of the Eye, from a
Foetus; membrana pupilli injected red; shows as the last.
No. 49. c. The Eye of a Foetal Calf, but near its time, at
least of a large size; one half of the coats are removed, the hu-
ICYK.
mours in situ, except the aqueous: membrana pupillaris exceed-
ingly beautiful, and formed by vessels, partly from the iris, partly
from the capsule of the crystalline, anastomosing more freely in
the centre of the membrane than in the human subject.
No. 49* d. s. Ditto, still more minutely injected, and part of
the vitreous humour removed, to show the capsula of the crystal-
line injected behind, from an artery passing through the centre of
the vitreous humour; its branches are radiated, but convoluted,
and the membrana pupilli is beautiful beyond description; the
optic nerve seems smaller in proportion to the size of the eye
than in the human subject.
No. 49. e. 5. Ditto; Membrana Pupilli torn away from one
side, and the crystalline humour (with part of the vitreous,) hang-
ing by these vessels of the other side; its capsula gives the mem-
brane which appears as so many parallel lines.
No. 49. g- s. Ditto . capsula of the crystalline also injected and
seen on one side; the artery which comes from the centre of the
optic nerve and passes through the vitreous humour to the crys-
talline, distinctly seen unbroken ; a little more extravasated.
No. 51. 5. The Membrana Pupillaris very distinct, and also
a little torn in the centre.
No. 52. s. Ditto very minutely injected, but also torn in the
middle.
No. 53. 5. The whole of the Eyeball, cornea only removed ;
membrana pupillaris is seen complete, adhering to the crystalline
humour, its arteries injected red, but not minutely.
No. 54. s. The same preparation as No. 51. Membrana Pu-
pillaris a little torn in the middle, the arteries injected red, very
distinct, and evidently in some places returning, after they reach
the centre of the pupil, also running waved like those of iris.
No. 55. s. The same preparation as No. 53, the Membrana
Pupillaris adhering to the crystalline capsula : the arteries may
be seen passing from iris into the membrana pupillaris.
EVIi.
1()7
No. 56. s. The whole of the Eyeball injected red, the anterior
half turned down, membrana pupillaris seen from the inside.
No. 57. 5. A very elegant Membrana Pupillaris, torn, however,
a little in the middle; the arteries seen distinctly passing from
iris to membrana pupillaris, and returning near the centre.
No. 60. a. A“. The Rabbit’s Eye, (muscles and fat dissected off),
one half turned up, the other down : it is from a white rabbit ;
either in those of this colour there is no nigrum pigmentum, or
the web corresponding to it is colourless : it is injected red, and
the ciliary processes are large, and choroid coat very fine; humours
removed.
♦
No. 61. s. One half Ditto; the retina, choroid, and humours
removed to look on nigrum pigmentum from within ; it covers
not only choroid, but ciliary processes, and iris.
No. 62. s. A section through Optic Nerve and Eyeball, retina
and a portion of vitreous humour remaining ; sclerotica, choroid,
nigrum pigmentum, and retina are seen in a side view.
No. 64. s. An Eyeball; the divided sclerotic turned up and
down; the vessels of the choroid injected white; there is an
appearance of the nigrum pigmentum being here on the outside
of choroid, instead of the inside; the nigrum pigmentum seems
also darker in this eye than in others.
No. 64. a. s. The Eye of a Negro split into two halves, with
the Optic Nerve, but not totally divided: nigrum pigmentum is
seen not only before, but behind the choroid.
No. 64. b. s. Ditto, divided in the contrary direction and
separated : showing ditto.
No. 65. 5. The anterior half of the Eyeball injected red ; ni-
grum pigmentum seen covering the ciliary processes; it is re-
moved from the iris, except at one place, to show the difference.
No. 66. s. A section through Optic Nerve and Eyeball, to
show Retina seemingly a continuation of optic nerve, and lining
the eyeball next pigmentum nigrum, between it and the humours”
towards the ciliary processes it becomes very indistinct.
EYE.
1()8
No. 67‘ s. A transverse section of the Eyeball, the humours
removed : the optic nerve seen in the bottom, making as it were
a little cup, and rounds its edge retina arising; the retina appears
of a gray colour. .
No. 68. 5. Eyeball, the sclerotic, choroid, and nigrum pigmentum
removed : retina is seen enclosing the humours of the eye ; the
anterior part of the other coats, from ciliary processes forwards,
is left in situ.
No. 69* a. s. Shows principally Ciliary processes of Iris, and
vessels of the retina in a calf, No. 6. a, chiefly the cornea; human
Eye grooved internally.
No. 70. s. The Ox’s Eye injected red, opened, and inverted;
attached by the ciliary processes to the crystalline and vitreous
humours, from which the preparation is suspended by means of
a glass bubble: very considerable arteries are seen running on
the inside of retina, and anastomosing with one another.
No. 71.5. The Eye of a Cod divided, almost, into two halves:
the retina has more of the fibrous appearance than in other
animals ; makes a regular border just where ciliary processes begin
in other animals ; consequently is not continued near the crystal-
line or iris.
No. 72. 5. The Retina of the Turtle’s Eye injected red : seem-
ingly more a continuation of optic nerve than in man.
No. 72. a. s. The Turtle’s Eye with the Eyelids, treated as the
last ; sclerotica is remarkably thick and cartilaginous, nigrum
pigmentum exceedingly dark, and the optic nerve projects very
much into the cavity of the eye, forming a bulb rather than a
cup before it gives off retina.
No. 72. b. s. Ditto reversed, the eyelid downward ; the ciliary
processes are very small, and rise but little above the inner surface
of choroid ; the same projection of optic nerve is observable as
in the last.
No. 72. c. s. The Eye of the Cameleon treated as No. 72. a,
crystalline and retina in their places ; the optic nerve instead of
EYE.
169
projecting Into the cavity of the eye, and forming a bulb, as In the
Turtle, makes a small cup, which looks like a dark spot in the
bottom of the eye; retina likewise terminates, as in the cod, by a
regular border, before it comes near the crystalline.
No. 72. d. s. The Eye of the Pike, ditto ; the retina appears
rugous, like the Internal surface of human stomach, only the rugae
are radiated ; and it is probably this, which is delineated by
Eusfachius.
No. 72. e. s. The Eye of a black Rabbit; the nigrum pigmen-
tum between retina and choroid, and on all the outside of iris, is
exceedingly black, particularly towards the anterior parts of the
eye-ball: the optic nerve not only expands into retina, but be-
coming bifid, is extended to the right and left in the form of
nerve, having the retina going off from its edges within the eye-
ball; this division Is also pointed out by an artery injected red.
No. 72./ 5. Another Rabbit’s Eye, the same as No. 60. a.;
showing the continuation of retina from optic nerve, and the other
circumstances of No. 60. a.
No. 72. b. b, s. The Turtle’s Eye, divided but not totally,
into an anterior and posterior half: sclerotica appears of great
thickness, and is almost cartilaginous; the extremity of the
optic nerve seems to project forward in the bottom of the eye,
instead of forming a cup.
No. 73. s. The posterior part of the human Ej^eball inverted ;
choroid minutely injected red, hanging down: the texture of
retina Is here more evident, viz: an internal vascular web, tran-
sparent as a spider s, and an external pulpy opaque membrane,
probably the medulla of the nerve ; this external membrane broke
in many places shows more distinctly the two.
No. 74. s. A section of an injected Eye, iris turned down ; re-
tina is seen hanging from the optic nerve, and shows as in 73.
No. 75, s. A section through Optic Nerve and Eyeball, to
show the nerve injected ; retina is also seen, and the crystalline
in Its place.
Y
170
EYK,
No. 7G. s. Ditto, injected I’ed; the nerve exceedingly vascular.
No. 77. s. Ditto, sclerotica removed only in part, and the in-
jected optic nerve cut open.
No. 78, s. The Elephant’s Eye cut open, the anterior half
turned up, the other down ; optic nerve is seen in the bottom of
the ball making a cup, and divided by a border from retina all
round.
No. 79* s. The same preparation in the Neel Ghaw; the optic
nerve projects in the bottom of the ball, as if distinct from retina ;
there is also an appearance of retina being continued to the ante-
rior edge of cilious process.
No. 80. s. A section through Optic Nerve and Eyeball : shows
the crystalline humour in situ, just before the ciliary processes,
and behind iris ; a considerable portion of it, however, also projects
backwards behind ciliary processes, so that the anterior edges of
the last would, if produced to meet those of the other side, divide
crystalline into an anterior and posterior half.
No. 80. a. s. The Eye of the Turkey treated as No. GO. a;
the ciliary processes long and waving : optic nerve projects much
into the cavity of the eye, and retina is a very thick web, and is
divided at one part by a number of processes In one line of un-
equal lengths, projecting into the cavity of the eye, and entering
the body of the vitreous humour, so as to resemble the tooth of
a large saw ; these processes are apparently muscular, and serve,
perhaps, to draw the humours of the eye nearer the bottom of the
cavity, altering, occasionally, the usual focus of the crystalline,
probably, when an object is very near to the eye.
No. 80. h. s. Ditto, ditto : this musculus serratus more dis-
tinctly seen, a white bristle passing through its black substance ;
it is situated In the bottom of the cavity, near to one side of the
entrance of optic nerve.
No. 80. c. s. The Eye of the Camelion, ditto ; a similar pro-
cess of the same shape, and proportional size as in the turkey, is
seen ; this process is black, and resembles the point of a spear in
EYE.
171
miniature, being longer in proportion to the breadth of its basis
than in the turkey.
No. 81. 5. Anterior half of the Eyeball : crystalline seen from
behind and before, making a kind of flat sphere ; that is, a circle
in the fore and back view, but an ellipse in a side view.
No. 82. s. The whole Eyeball, cornea and iris only removed" ;
the crystalline seen in a fore view, in situ, larger than any common
garden pea.
No. 83. s. The anterior half of the Eyeball ; crystalline seen
from behind.
No. 84. s. Ditto ; seen also before.
^ No. 86. .y. The Vitreous Humour, with the crystalline in its situ-
ation ; part of the nigrum pigmentum of the ciliarj’’ processes, as
well as of iris, still adheres to the crystalline : on a card, supported
by two pins.
No. 86. a. s. Ditto, suspended by a thread.
No. 87 . s. Ditto, hanging by a thread ; the red injection of
the arteries extravasated round ciliary processes.
No. 90. s. Ditto, in the Elephant : the crystalline not nearly
so large as in the Neel Ghaw, or Ox.
No. 91. 5. The human Crystalline pinned on a card, by means
of a portion of the still adhering vitreous humour; the nigrum
pigmentum of the ciliary processes and of the choroid, for some
way round also in situ, makes a fine contrast between itself
and the crystalline, now become opaque and white from
spirits.
^ No. 92. s. The Vitreous and Crystalline Humours in a Slink
Calf, dried and in turpentine : but as they had been dried with-
out maceration, they were dried black; perhaps, too, nigrum
pigmentum is left on one side.
17-2
KYK.
No. 93. s. The Capsula of the Crystalline seen from behind,
injected red : the artery comes upon it in the very centre, and
thence it sends branches like the radii of a circle, proceeding all
round, and enveloping the capsula ; they are not seen on the fore
part : hung on a card.
No. 93. a. s. Capsula of the Crystalline from a human Foetus,
injected red, and containing the humour ; on blue paper.
No. 93. b. s. Ditto, from the Calf, injected black ; on white paper.
No. 93. c. s. Ditto, from the Calf ; the vessels which were going to
membrana pupillaris left loose, and floating all round its edge.
No. 93. d. s. Ditto, well injected behind : the capsula of the
crystalline does not look vascular before, which seems as if its
vascularity behind was given on account of membrana pupillaris;
also, these vessels cannot be injected in the adult, where this
membrane does not exist.
No. 95. s. Ditto, suspended by a portion of vitreous humour.
No. 97. s. Ditto, suspended by a glass bubble, with a portion
of membrana pupillaris before; here, it seems almost evident, that
membrana pupillaris, and the posterior part of the crystalline cap-
sula are one and the same membrane, as a portion of membrana
pupillaris is here left on.
No. 99. s. The Capsula of the Crystalline, from a Calf, dried
on a piece of talk, and suspended on a glass bubble ; it is injected
red, and very distinct.
No. 100. s. The Capsula of the Crystalline as it covers crys-
talline, injected red ; from the calf.
No. 101.5. Ditto, from the Lamb, with iris, and a portion of
membrana pupillaris.
No. 102. 5. Ditto, from the Calf. In none of these are vessels
to be seen on the anterior part of the crystalline, if membrana
pupillaris is removed.
No. 102. a. The Eye of a Foetal Lamb, injected red: two
NOSE AND MOUTH.
173
large vessels are seen, one running over the eyeball, the other
under; when they come to the edge of the cornea they unite
and form a circle, from whence probably the iris and membraua
pupillaris are furnished.
No. 103. s. A diseased Eye; the retina looks here as if col-
lapsed all round, forming a solid mass, continued from optic nerve,
and there is no appearance of humours : (case unknown).
No. 104. s. The Eyelids of a Man who was blind of an eye ;
the muscles are adhering to the eyelids themselves, or to a kind
of shrunk tunica sclerotica ; the optic nerve apparently sound.
Nos. 105. s
106. s.
107. s.
108. s. ^ Not described in Hunterian MSS.
109. s.
110. 5.
111. 5..
NOSE AND MOUTH. G. G.
No. 1. s. The Alse Nasi and Septum, so far as they are carti-
lage; that is, stript of the external integuments and internal
Schneiderian membrane.
No. 2. s. That part of the Head, from a freshly injected subject,
which shows exactly the right side of the cavity of the nose, and
upper part of the mouth, in one view, and the antrum of High-
more opened with a portion of the orbit of the eye, in another ; a
portion of os turbinatum superius is removed, to show the opening
of the antrum with a bristle in it ; os turbinatum inferius is in situ,
covered by a very vascular porous membrane ; the sphenoidal
sinus of one side is also seen open.
No. 3. s. A Section of the Head, injected red, showing sep-
tum narium complete, with a portion of os ethmoides above,
and roof of the mouth below; the septum narium is not all in one
plane, but in the middle convex to the left side, and concave to
the right, and is exceedingly porous and vascular.
17J
NOSK ANJ) MOUTH,
No. 3. a. t. Septum Narium complete, with a portion of
Uvula; all injected, very highly, red.
No. 4. s. The counterpart of No. 2, that is, the left side of the
Nose and Mouth ; it shows a bristle in ductus ad nasum, antrum
opened, and the two turbinata in situ : the orifice of the Eustachian
tube is also seen both in this and its fellow, about a quarter of an
inch behind the posterior end of os turbinatum inferius; the
sphenoid cell is also seen open behind os turbinatum superius,
and above tbe anterior upper end of the same bone is seen one of
the frontal sinuses open.
No. 5. s. The same preparation as No. 2, from a younger sub-
ject, most beautifully injected red ; there is a bristle in ductus ad
nasum, its lower end comes out beneath turbinatum inferius;
another bristle, in one of the cells of the ethmoid, comes out above
os turbinatum superius, under a kind of os turbinatum supremum
or Testum Morgagnii ; a third bristle is in the mouth of the Eusta-
chian tube.
No. 6. s. The opposite side of the same Face, showing an ex-
ceedingly beautiful injected septum narium ; Schneider’s mem-
brane appears honeycombed, like the inner surface of a child’s
stomach, particularly towards the anterior part; there is a bristle
in the Eustachian tube, and one in the ductus ad nasum ; and the
antrum is opened externally.
No. 7. s. A perpendicular section through Crista Galli, Septum
Narium, Turbinata, and ossa Maxillaria superiora, so as to look on
the anterior half of the nose from behind : the ossa turbinata are
seen hanging down ; also the thickness of the cartilaginous septum
and the bony, as well as of the membrane covering them: the nose
is entire on the opposite side.
No. 8. s. The posterior part of the same Nose, and roof of the
Mouth: the same things are seen as in the last; the cavities of
the antra are also seen with bristles in their orifices ; a consider-
able portion of the orbit of the eye is also seen ; on the back
part, come in view, the foramina optica, lacora, rotunda, and the
posterior nostrils.
NOSE AND MOUTH.
17o
No. 9. 5. That kind of section of the Nose and roof of the
Mouth, where merely the projecting anterior part of the nose is
removed, and so much of the posterior, as just to show the larger
portion at once : the sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses are seen
opened ; also the ossa turbinata, and septum narium.
No. 10. s. The same preparation nearly as No. 7, only in a
larger subject.
No. 1 1. The Parotid Gland, injected with red injection, by the
duct, to great minuteness; it appears very much conglomerated.
No. 12. i. The same Gland, filled with quicksilver, by the duct,
to considerable minuteness: on examining the extreme branches
of the excretory duct, they seem to be follicular.
No. 12. a. t. A Parotid Gland, beautifully injected with quick-
silver; the external ear still adheres, and the gland, with its duct,
are in situ.
No. 12. h.t. A Parotid Gland, also injected with mercury, but
not in situ, and less minutely filled than the last.
No. 12. c. 5. Ditto, the arteries injected red.
No. 12. cl.t. Ditto, duct injected with mercury; the external
ear also attached.
No. 13. t. The same as No. 12.
No. 14. t. Ditto.
No. 14. a. t. A Maxill.-iry Gland, injected willl mercury, and
the duct preserved through its whole length ; the minute follicu-
lar structure is also seen.
No. 14. b. s. Ditto, where the proper Duct is also joined by
another from the sublingual, near its termination.
No. 14. c. t. Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 14. cl. Ditto, only a small portion of the Duct preserved.
No. 14, c. t. The two Maxillary, ami Sublingual Glands nearly
17(j
NOSE AND MOUTH.
in situ ; the ducts of the former injected with quicksilver ; no
duct comes into them from the latter.
No. 14.^ t. A Maxillary Gland, and Duct injected its whole
length, similar to the last.
No. 15. s. The Maxillary and Sublingual Glands, with bristles
in their ducts, adhering to one-half of the tongue : the tongue is
slit from the root to the apex; it is the left half, with the left
maxillary and left sublingual, which are seen ; the duct of the
maxillary is about three inches long, and opens near the tip of the
tongue, on its under surface ; the ducts seen of the sublingual are
eight in number ; these open on the under surface of the tongue,
near its outer edge.
No. 16. s. A section transversely through the Tongue, near its
apex, through the lower jaw, with the lower lip ; the tip of the
tongue is turned up, and a couple of bristles are seen in the ori-
fices of both maxillary ducts : injected red.
No. 17. s. The anterior half of the Tongue, hanging by its
apex: on the one side are seen bristles in the ducts of the
maxillary gland ; also, two in the largest ducts of the sublingual :
injected red. ^
No. 18. s. The same kind of preparation as No. 16. reversed ;
this hangs by the lower lip, that by the posterior part of the sec-
tion of the tongue : bristles are seen in the ducts of the sublingual
glands, and in the ducts of the maxillary, the apex of the tongue
being turned up to show their oriBces ; a couple of bristles are also
seen in the orifices of two of the labial glands.
No. 20. s. The Mouth of a little Child : the cheeks are re-
moved; the mouth wide opened to show the cavity; the gums
and tongue injected red.
No. 21. s. The roof of the Mouth, Teeth, and Alveolar Pro-
cesses* from an adult, injected red: the gums are exceedingly
beautiful, the teeth well shaped, and the hard palate is distinguished
from the soft ; in that the first is of a pale colour, the last very red ;
NOSE AND MOUTH.
177
on each side of the uvula are seen the tonsils, making a cluster of
follicles.
No. 22. s. 1 he same preparation, with the addition of the upper
Lip, of the Cheeks and Nose; shows ditto.
No. 23. s. The human adult Tongue, with the Epiglottis and
the Os Hyoides; shows the upper surface of the tongue follicular
behind, and villous for about three parts before: some of the villi
are long, and project beyond the rest; others less prominent have
round heads, in some like pin heads, in others like heads of
tacks.
No. 24. s. Ditto, remarkable for a large hole on the middle of
the posterior quarter ; this hole terminates abruptly in a cul de
sac, and is named foramen csBcum.
No. 25. s. Ditto, injected red, and very vascular.
No. 26. s. Ditto, from a Child ; exceedingly red.
No. 27. s. One half of the human Tongue, viz., the anterior,
injected red; to show particularly the processes, or villi.
No. 28. s. The posterior half of the Tongue, with Epiglottis;
to show particularly the follicular surface, with the tonsils.
No. 28. a. s. Posterior half of a Tongue, with Epiglottis ; the
follicles in the root of the tongue are the principal object.
No. 29. s. The Tongue of a Child: one carotid only has been
injected red ; the injection stopped in the middle line of the
tongue, and had not passed to the other side, so that one half of
the tongue looks black, the other white ; the upper part of the
larynx is also seen.
No. 30. s. The Tongue of a Child injected red ; a membrane,
resembling cuticle, with rete mucosum, is turned down.
No. 30. a, ,v. A Child’s Tongue: the cuticular covering turned
down in several places.
178
NOSK AN1> MOUTH.
No. 32. A wliole Tongue injected red, showing ditto : here
there is an appearance as if the whole villi had sloughed off.
No. 33. Greater part of a Tongue, beautifully injected red:
the moi’bid villi, except at one place, removed ; those remaining
black and mortified, as it were, while these underneath are ex-
ceedingly red and vascular.
No. 34. The whole Tongue, with Larynx slit open : the mor-
bid villi left on at the edges ; in this tongue they were so loose,
that the least touch brushed them off.
No. 35. A very large anterior portion of a Tongue: it is the
superfluous part of a woman’s tongue, cut off by Mr Lambert ;
did well with the other part.
No. 35. a. s. The under Jaw, with the bifid Tongue of the
Viper: showing double tongue.
No. 36. The upper part of Pharynx, the opening of the Wind-
pipe, Tonsils, and root of the Tongue ; to show the follicles,
making a kind of spread out tonsil and v. v. : injected red.
No. 37. s. A section through basis of the Skull, Nose, roof
of the Mouth, and Tongue ; the pharynx adheres to the basis
of the skull all round : the intention of the preparation is to give
a view of the isthmus of the fauces, uvula, tonsils, and upper part
of the pharynx : injected red.
No. 38. s. The under half of the Mouth, with the beginning
of the Larynx: the tonsils are seen by the sides of the tongue,
near the root, and appear an aggregate of follicles.
No. 39. s. The Isthmus Faucium, Tonsils, and a little portion
of the Tongue, with Uvula, injected red: shows the tonsils par-
ticularly.
No. 40. s. Palatum molle. Uvula, Tonsils, and posterior side of
Pharynx uninjected : shows tonsils verj"^ large.
No. 41. An Ulcerated Tonsil, with the Tongue covered with
NOSE AND MOUTH.
179
black lur, from a Child who died of a putrid sore throat. Dr.
Hunter says it was perfectly rotten ; fingers went through and
through.
No. 41. a. s. Pharynx, and GEsophagus slit open; to show the
coagulable lymph, forming an inflammatory crust which lines
these parts, and covered also the tongue : in a child who died of
thrush.
No. 41. b.s. Ditto, five years old. (Dr. Gartshore).? [Tongue,
with section of Larynx, Trachea and Bronchi; tongue furred, right
bronchus obstructed by enlargement of bronchial glands].
^ No. 41. b. b. Pharynx slit open behind. Uvula in situ, and
Tongue; putrid sore throat. Case, Mrs. M ■. The exudation
or inflammatory membrane reached the oesophagus itself: the
cuticle is here black.
No. 42. s. A portion of the basis of the Skull and Nose ; the
last shows the under edges of turbinata inferiora; the view of
the preparation is to show a follicular surface at the attachment
of pharynx to the basis of the skull, in the middle space between
the mouths of the Eustachian tubes, and directly behind the upper
end of vomer. Dr. Hunter calls this the third Tonsil ; injected
red.
No. 43. s. A similar Section, showing this most beautifully
injected, and resembling follicles.
No. 44. s. Ditto, less injected, but having more of the foliage
appearance.
No. 45. s. The Tongue before. Pharynx opened behind.
Isthmus Faucium, and Palatum molle in situ ; Larynx standing
before Pharynx : to give a view of epiglottis and orifice of the
windpipe, and of their situation with respect to the fore-mentioned
parts.
No. 46. s. Ditto, injected red.
No. 46. «. 5. Ditto, in Slink Calf, with Thymus.
180
NOSE AND MOUTH.
No. 48. s. Larynx hanging so as to look through its aperture,
the narrowest part of which, just below the lower bands, is termed
Glottis.
No. 49- The Larynx opened behind, the Tongue in situ;
injected red : shows orifices of the sacculi laryngis.
No. 50. s. Larynx opened behind : the cavity of one of the
sacculi exposed, the bottom is turned upwards; the other un-
opened : the muscles of the larynx, retaining still their natural
redness, are dissected, and have bristles under them.
No. 50. a. The Os Hyoides, Larynx, and portion of Trachea,
with Pharynx, from a Man who cut his own throat, and was
recovering, but died from some other accident. (Bengal.)
No. 51. s. Trachea, from its bifurcation to the upper end of
Larynx, slit up : it shows the cartilaginous rings of about one-eighth
of an inch in breadth which compose trachea, and are connected
by intermediate elastic ligaments: the inner surface of trachea is
seen follicular ; the width at different parts is the object principally
in view; it is narrowest at the Glottis and widest just below
that.
No. 52. s. Larynx, with Thyroid Gland dissected, from a
woman : it lies on the fore part of the larynx, just below thyroid
cartilage, in form of a crescent ; a process runs up from the mid-
dle towards pomum Adami ; from one extremity to the other fol-
lowing its curve will be about four inches ; it is about one inch
broad, and looks follicular.
No. 52. a. The largest Bronchocele, perhaps, ever seen, from
a patient who died at St. G: on one side it resembles an enlarged
kidney of the hydatid kind, but, cut into the tumour seems, in
many places, of the pulpy scrophulous kind. The lymphatic glands,
in the neighbourhood, seem to have put on the same disease.
CEsophagus is seen slit open on the back part of the tumonr . the
trachea and larynx are nearly surrounded by the tumour.
No. 52. h. s. A Bronchocele, or Enlargement of Thyroid Gland,
still larger than the former. Case is published by Mr Prosser, and
NOSE AND MOUTH.
181
engraved. Tumor surrounds completely both larynx and pharynx,
which are marked by bougies passed down them.
No. 52. e, s. A Bronchocele.
No. 53.5. The same preparation from a Child, injected red:
it is, perhaps, one of the most vascular parts in the body, in pro-
portion to its bulk.
No. 53. a, s. Ditto, from an Adult.
No. 54. s. Ditto; a dilatation of the substance of thyroid
gland on the right side, into a large pouch, capable of containing
two ounces of fluid : it was an abscess, which burst into the
trachea, and killed the patient.
No. 55. s. A section through the Forehead, cavity of the Nose,
and roof of the Mouth: it shows polypous excrescences every where
in the cavity of the nose, destroying the bones even of the orbit,
and the eye itself, and forming a tumour externally on the
cheek.
No. 55. a. s. The right side of the Face, cavity of the nose
seen on one side, and antrum of Highmore laid open on the other:
two polypi are seen hanging in the cavity of the nose, under os
turbinatum superius, and covering the passage into the antrum ;
the membrane of the antrum is thickened into a similar substance,
as if the polypous disposition had spread over its whole extent.
No. 56. s. The head of a Foetus, at three months, the lower
jaw removed; it shows, that the soft, as well as the hard palate, is
originally fissured, and that the two halves grow together after-
wards : accounts for frequency of hair lip.
No. 56. Cl, The same preparation from a young Lamb, showing
the same thing.
No. 58. s. The under half of a Child’s Face, so as posteriorly
to look on pharynx opened ; the palatum molle, and uvula are
fissured throughout : injected red.
No. 59. s. Ditto, from a younger Child.
18-2
KAR.
No. 60. s. Ditto, seen from before : the mouth opened very
wide, and the cheeks cut off.
No. 61.5. Ditto, the portions of palatum molle so separated
that the tongue has got almost behind the palate.
No. 62. s. The head of a monstrous Child, who had no brain:
palatum molle and durum, both fissured ; with hair lip single.
No. 63. s. A Child’s head opened behind, the brain removed,
mouth opened wide, cheeks slit towards each ear ; shows com-
plete fissure of the palate, with double hair lip.
No.
63. s.~^
64. s.f
65. 5.^
66. s. j
Not described in Hunterian MSS.
THE EAR. H. H.
WET PREPARATIONS.
No. 1.5. The left Os Temporis, with the external Ear, and
Eustachian Tube; the squamous portion, and upper part of os pe-
trosum is removed, so as to give a view of tympanum, vestibulum,
and cochlea; the meatus auditories externus is laid open from
before, and is seen through its whole length ; membrana tympani,
with the ossicula, is also in situ ; and the Eustachian tube is un-
covered through its whole course : this preparation serves to give
a general idea of the whole organ of hearing.
No. 2. 5. The Cartilage of the Ear, after the integuments and
lobe are removed ; giving the permanent shape, with flexibility to
the external ear.
No. 3. 5. The external Ear entire, uninjected: it shows the
outer border or Helix, an eminence more internal, and over
against the former or Antihelix; two eminences on the lower part
over against the entrance into the ear, of which the anterior is Ira-
EAK.
183
giis, and the posterior Antltragus: the cavities are also seen, viz: that
between helix and antihelix or Fossa Navicularis; that between the
crura of the antihelix or Fossa Innominata; and that under the
antihelix or Concha, which also is divided by a transverse middle
ridge, or septum conch®.
No. 3. a. V A right and left external Ear, uncommonly large
No. 3. h. s. j from a Man ; there is almost no helix, and tragus
and antitragus are covered with long hairs : cuticle is removed,
and the surface of the skin looks exceedingly porous every where,
particularly in the concha.
No. 3. c. The external Ear of a Negro.
No. 4. s. Ditto, injected, and cuticle removed.
No. 5. s. Ditto, ditto, exceedingly fine.
No. 6. a. s. The left external Ear of the Negro, darker in
colour than in the former, but otherwise showing the same things.
No. 7. A section through the whole organ of Hearing, from
without inwards and forwards : it particularly shows the extent
and dimensions of meatus externus, which on the whole is incur-
vated something in the way of the Italic s.; the internal end goes
more downwards, as well forwards.
No. 8. 5. The other half Ditto; on the inner surface of the
meatus are seen pores in great numbers, generally believed to be
the excretory ducts of the glandul® ceruminos®.
No. 10. s. } injected preparations.
No. 11. j. Ditto, the two halves in one bottle; they are not in
situ, but one hangs down from the other.
No. 1 1 . a. 5. Ditto.
No. 1 2. s. A transverse, or horizontal section of the adult
human Ear, the one half hanging down, the other up ; but best
understood by laying the bottle upon its side : the cells of the
184
EA]{. *
mastoid, the tympanum, vestibulum, and cochlea are pointed out
by bristles.
No. 13. s. The whole organ of Hearing from a Foetus; meatus
externus cut open, to show a mucilaginous white web covering
membrana tympani.
No. 14. t. Ditto, external ear and meatus only removed: it is
chiefly intended to show membrana tympani exceedingly vascular,
concave externally, and convex internally ; the ossicula auditus are
seen behind it.
No. 16. t. Membrana Tympani divided into two layers, both
beautifully injected red ; these- hang by a glass bubble.
No. 16. a. t. Ditto, perforated naturally: a bristle In it.
No. 17. s. The whole organ of Hearing in a child at birth;
vestibulum, cochlea, and semicircular canals are opened ; membrana
tympani is broke down : it shows chiefly the ossicula auditus in
situ, and the musculus externus mallei.
No. 21. s. The whole organ of Hearing, from an adult, sus*
pended nearly In situ, meatus externus, tympanum, vestibulum,
cochlea, and cells of the mastoid laid open : it shows principally
the portio mollis of the auditory nerve, exposed by laying open
meatus externus, dividing into three branches, two of which go
towards vestibulum, and one enters the basis of cochlea ; cochlea
is here seen extremely perfect, and was uncovered by a lucky
stroke of a hammer and chisel ; the corda tympani also pointed
out by a black bristle running on the inside of membrana tympani,
and between incus and malleus.
No. 22. A similar preparation nearly, injected red; the ex-
ternal ear, however, and meatus were removed : the portio mollis,
accompanied with its arteries, is still more beautiful and distinct :
chorda tympani is also seen adhering to the under, and membran-
ous side of Eustachian tube; a bristle is passed through it.
No. 23. s. The head of a Pheasant; the organ of Hearing ex-
posed on both sides: the meatus externus is about half an inch
KAK.
185
III length, and runs obliquely backwards and inwards : at the bottom
of this passage, in all Birds, are two rows of glands resembling the
human sublingual glands, with a number of orifices; these are
certainly the glandule ceruminosse : the membrana tympani is
convex externally, and turned obliquely backwards and outwards ;
Its under edge is more inwards, and its upper edge of course
more outwards: there is but one ossiculum which is rather a kind of
Stapes ; by one end it shuts up the foenestra ovalis, and at the other
it joins a cartilage in the same line with itself, but which, at the
membrana tympani, is bent nearly at right angles to the Stapes,
and attached to the posterior side of the circle or ellipse in which
the membrana tympani, is fixed: there are three canals correspon-
ding to the semicircular canals in men, and a fourth corresponding
to the cochlea; that this last is meant to be cochlea, is evident from
Its having a diflFerent entrance, which however is also ovalis, and
not rotunda as in men.
No. 25. Membrana Tympani, with Malleus, Vestibulum, and
Cochlea, from the Guinea Pig : the cochlea is transparent, and
the gyrations may be distinctly seen through its parietes ; it re-
sembles a species of small oriental pyramidal shell.
No. 25. a. s. Not described.
No. 26. s. The internal Vestibulum, and Semicircular canals
from the Turtle, injected red ; the auditory nerve hangs by the
vestibulum, and may be seen ramifying through its centre.
No. 27. s. The organ of Hearing in the Kingston Fish : two
bristles are introduced into meatus externi; a third making a very
obtuse angle with the left bristle, leads into vestibulum internum,
winch IS full of black sand, and from which three most elegant
cartilaginous internal canals pass off; each of these canals is bulbous
at the part where it leaves the vestibulum, and within the bulb a
branch of the auditory nerve may be distinctly seen ramifying.
No. 28. Ditto, without the Meatus Externi ; vestibulum is
opened, showing distinctly the black sand : it is from a larger
fish, and a black bristle may be seen passing under two con-
si( erable nerves, on their way to ramify within two bulbs of two
CcUials.
•2 A
18(J
liAK.
No. 29. s. Ditto, in a smaller ditto.
No. 30. s. The Auditory nerve in Ditto, before it enters ves-
tibulum, ramifying like a diverging cone of rays.
No. 32. s. The organ of hearing in the Thornback : the en-
trance of the nerves into the bulbs of the canals is remarkably
distinct ; vestibulum is filled with a tremulous jelly, which coag-
ulates like the crystalline of the eye in spirits ; the canals are
accidentally demonstrated to be tubes, from some particles of the
coagulable jelly having got into them in inflating vestibulum.
No. 33. s. A most elegant preparation of the Cod’s Ear : the
anterior and posterior canals unite at one end, and enter vestibu-
lum perpendicularly by a common portion ; the nerves ramifying
on the bulbs, are well seen; and there is a large serrated bone in-
curvated like a boat, filling up the bottom of vestibulum ; its con-
cave side is towards the fish’s brain, its convex in the opposite
direction, and it rests upon one edge, one end pointing forwards,
the other backwards nearly.
No. 34. s. Internal Vestibulum, and Canals from Ditto, in situ.
No. 35. s. The Cameleon’s Ear ; there is no external meatus,
but a large Eustachian tube ; a long stapes as in birds, connected
to the skin at one end, and fenestra ovalis at the other ; there is
a very considerable vestibulum, three canals as in the turtle, but
no perceivable cochlea ; almost the whole cavity of the skull in
the middle between the two vestibula.
No. 36. s. The upper half of a Lizard ; membrana tympani
in the same plane almost with the skin of the head, i. e. no meatus
externus.
No. 37. s. Ditto, shows ditto, also the cavity of the vestibulum
exposed, and stapes with a long handle between membrana tym-
pani and vestibulum, as in the turtle, and in birds.
No. 38. Another species of Lizard, having a small meatus
auditorius externus. All of them have a large opening from the
throat on each side into tympanum, as seen in the two last.
No. 39. Not described.
EAR.
187
THE EAR. H. H.
DRY PREPARATIONS.
No. 8. The Temporal Bone separated into its squamous and
petrous portions, from a child at birth : the bony circle appears
to belong to the squamous portion, and is seen in situ.
No. 9. d. Different views of Membrana Tympani in situ; the
ossicula also in situ, to show the connection it has with them :
there is one upper outside view where this membrane appears con-
cave in the centre, and two under inside views where it appears
convex in the middle ; it seems perfectly circular, but in the upper
and under ones oval, one end of the oval up, the other down.
No. 14. The Temporal bone of a child at birth; shows tym-
panum and its different circumstances: of the three bristles, that
go from without to the inside of tympanum, the uppermost
points to the canal of the internal muscle of the malleus, the
second to the foramen ovale, and the third to the foramen rotun-
dum ; the -bristle which goes across the tympanum, marks the
course of chorda tympani, and leads down Eustachian tube.
No. 17. The Mastoid cells in the Elephant; cellular, and com-
municating with each other.
No. 22.? A variety of Ossicula Aiiditus from the human subject:
the sizes a little different, but not much on the whole ; three of
the mallei are very perfect.
No. 31. The Ossicula A uditus from the Dog, Sheep, Monkey and
Calf ; they are three in number as in men ; the malleus is a
little different in its shape ; the others come very near the human ;
those of the monkey most like the human.
No. 45. Bones of the Skull of the Hedgehog.
No. 45. a. Tympanum of the Ox.
No 45. h. Ear of the Horse.
No. 49. Four different views of different Cochise opened; on
blue paper.
188
SKIN,
THE SKIN. I. I.
WET.
No. 1.5. A Child’s Head injected red, cuticle not removed,
glass eyes ; remarkably beautiful ; it looks as if it were alive ;
about three or four years of age : the skin of the face most natural.
No. \. a. The left Fore-arm, and Hand of a Girl about twelve
years of age : the cuticle seems removed, in many places, so as to
show the pores of the cutis.
No. 2. s. Portion of the Skin of a Negro ; the cellular and
adipose membrane removed on the inside from the upper half,
but remaining wdth the under; two bristles stretch it out: it
seems to be the basis of the skin, as if the latter were little more
than a condensation of the former.
No. 3. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 5. s. A human Face, the arteries injected to most asto-
nishing minuteness : the cuticle is removed ; the arteries project
and form villi on the lips and nose ; the inside of the mouth and
nose are also inconceivably vascular.
No, 6. s. Ditto, from a Child about eight or ten years of age :
red as crimson from injection. (Dr. Nichols.)
No. 7* 5. The left Hand of a young Woman minutely injected
red, stripped of its cuticle : the whole exceedingly red and beau-
tiful, from the magnifying power of the round bottle and spirits ;
the arteries appear more numerous, and project more; the parts
are also redder on the points of the fingers and under the nails ;
the fore parts of the fingers are also more vascular than the back
parts, upon the whole. (Mr. H.)
No. 7. u. Ditto, left.
No. 8. 5. The Foot of the same Subject equally red with the
Hand, and, in some places, particularly about the little toe and
x)utside of the foot, even more vascular; this, however, may be
SKIN.
189
accidental: the superior redness of the tops of the toes, however,
is certainly natural.
No. 8. a, Ditto, shows ditto.
No. 8. s. A Horse's Foot minutely injected red, and deprived
of its hoof by long maceration in water : round the upper
edge the blood vessels project and form waving villi, longer even
than on the surface of the Dog’s intestine ; some of these are
amazingly red and beautiful, others remain white ; but the foot
is redder, upon the whole, than its companion, the human one :
between the upper and under villous edge, the body of the foot
is divided into parallel longitudinal ridges and grooves, disposed
like portions of the radii of a circle : the animal was full grown.
No. 8. a. a. s. A section of the Horse’s Heel showing, on the
side, parallel grooves receiving ridges of the foot, and at the lowest
part, pores receiving the villi.
No. 8. b. A Foot of a Slink Calf, beautifully injected red, with
long villi all under the heel, particularly in the sole of the foot :
the pores of the hairs disposed four and four, and a reticulated
appearance between.
No. 8. c. Ditto, of the same Calf, ditto, ditto.
No. 8. d. Ditto, of a younger Calf, heel in left part on: shows
ditto.
No. 9. A portion of Cuticle from the Sole of the Foot very
nearly one-eighth of an inch thick: on the inside are crowds
of parallel ridges running across the foot ; in the middle grooves
between every two ridges, is seen a smaller ridge, so as to give
the appearance of two smaller furrows in every large one : these
are all intersected by perpendicular lesser ridges, so that the whole
surface is honeycombed, and is just the counterpart of the appear-
ance in the Cutis : these parallel ridges are never continued far,
but unite in some single one to the one side or to the other,
forming an acute angle at their union.
No. 9. a. The Hoof of the Foot, (?), full of very large pores,
SKIN,
U>0
grooves, and ridges, and an exact counterpart of the former : the
grooves, into which the corresponding ridges in the foot went, are
one-eighth of an inch deep, in many places.
No. 9. a. a. s, A portion of Cutis from the Heel injected red,
in which corresponding villous ridges and grooves are seen to those
in the Cuticle.
No. 9* h. A portion of Cutis in the Sole of the Foot, where
cuticle is divided into two layers.
No. 10. A portion of the Whale’s skin : the black cuticle
turned down resembles a good deal, as to its deeper furrows, the
Horse’s heel; the villi on the opposite surface are also very strong.
No. 11.6. The Nipple, and Areola from a Man’s Breast : shows
the tuberculated sebaceous glands all round the nipple; the
hairs longer at this place.
No. 12. A portion of Cutis, with its subjacent Membrana Adi-
posa, from the human axilla : at one part the membrana adiposa
is dissected off, to show the odoriferous or sebaceous glands lying
immediately under the skin, as large nearly as hemp seed.
No. 12. a. Ditto, from the Negro.
No. 13. 5. A portion of Skin from a white Person; cuticle
turned down largely, and rete mucosum only in part : the brownness
of the skin seems to depend on rete mucosum, for under it the
skin is of the purest white.
No. 14. a. s. A portion of Cutis from a Child’s Arm injected
red, cuticle and rete mucosum turned down ; rete mucosum is
removed in the centre only, where cuticle appears transparent :
spread on blue paper.
No. 16. a. s. A portion of Negro’s Skin, cuticle turned down:
in one place rete mucosum is left in situ, and its upper side ap-
pears to be the same as the cuticle.
No. 16. 6. V. Ditto ; rete mucosum turned down, and the black
SKIN.
191
mucous web with it ; still, however, a layer of this web remains
with the cuticle.
No.
16. c.
16. d.
j- Ditto, shows ditto very evidently.
No. 16. e. s. Ditto: cuticle turned down at one part by itself,
very thin and transparent ; rete mucosum at another, two or three
times as thick, and very dark.
No. 16.^5. Ditto; rete mucosum more brown thaii in the
other, as from different Negroes.
No. \Q.g.h.i. Three pieces of Cuticle, and Rete Mucosum
from the Calf’s Tongue: the appearance of perforations may be
produced either in the one or the other, but it is by tearing in both,
for where the villi are short and the processes easily separate,
there are no perforations in either visible to the microscope.
No. 17. s. Cuticle, with Rete Mucosum from a Black : rete
mucosum removed in the central part ; the cuticle looks white.
No. 19. The upper Lip Ditto: rete mucosum lost, a little
way within the mouth.
No. 20. s. One side of the Nose, and upper Lip Ditto : rete
mucosum goes one fourth of an inch within the nostril.
No. 20. a. s. The left external Ear of a Negro, showing rete
mucosum continued down meatus externus.
No. 21.5. Penis of a Negro; rete mucosum covers all the
glans.
No. 21. a. s. The Penis of a Negro, corpora cavernosa and
spongiosa injected with wax : prepuce is drawn back, to show rete
mucosum covering the glans, and even descending down the ure-
thra ; is of a black colour.
No. 22. s. Two portions of Skin from a Sailor’s Arms: on the
one side is represented, in gunpowder and some red powder, the
crucifixion; on the other his mistress’s name, with some love
emblems ; from both the cuticle is turned down, to show that this
SKIN.
l{)-2
kind ot painting could not be effaced, but with the destruction of
the cutis.
No. 23. s. A portion of Cutis, with G. W. and 1745, done in
the same way as the former.
No. 24. s. A portion Ditto ; with /. <9. ditto: rete mucosum
left on to show that the characters are under it.
No. 25. s. A portion of Cutis with a large cicatrix from a
Negro: the newly formed skin appears different from the original,
the regenerated cuticle itself seems thinner, and no new rete mu-
cosum is formed.
No. 25. a. s. A portion of Skin from the top of the shoulder
in a Negro; there is a white mark like the cicatrix of an ulcer,
as if the rete mucosum had not been afterwards regenerated, or were
no longer of the black colour. Query: as the surface is not cor-
rugated like that of a cicatrix, may not this be a mark similar to
claret spots with which children are born ?
No. 26. s. Ditto, from the white subject ; shows ditto : also in-
jected, and very vascular.
No. 26. a. The Cutis of a Stump injected after amputation,
and healing of the wound ; the new cutis seems very vascular, in
some parts.
No. 27. s. A portion of Cuticle from the sole of the foot in
the Negro; rete mucosum exists on the outside, but is wanting
in the sole of the foot, or it appears white there.
No. 28. s. The Cuticle of a Child’s hand removed entirely by
maceration, and forming what the anatomists call Chlrotheca : it
was pulled of as a glove from the hand, and is very white; the
nails adhere to it, as if they were continued from cuticle.
No. 29. s. A Podotheca, in the same style.
No. 30. s. A great Toe injected, the cuticle turned up ; the
ridc^es and furrows are vorticose, and tend towards a centre upon
the middle of the first joint.
SKIN.
193
No. 31.5. A portion of Cuticle, from the under side of the Great
Toe, showing as in the last.
No. 31. «. 5. A large portion of Cuticle from an Exostosis of
the Thigh, in which the limb became as thick as the trunk of the
body: the intention was to discover pores open at both ends, but
they were not visible in this way ; the hairs, in consequence of
the distention, are removed at a considerably greater distance than
they were originally.
No. 31. b. s. A portion of Ditto from the upper side of the
Foot, with the Nails of two Toes : this shows very well the short
processes which go into the smaller pores, different from those
which go with the hairs, or the finer filaments of Dr. Hunter.
No. 31. c. Ditto, from the Great Toe; shows ditto; shows also
hairs pulled out with their roots, and original cuticle falling off in
scales.
No. 32. s. A portion of Skin injected; cuticle half peeled off to
show small filaments (probably exhalents), passing between cutis
and cuticle : stretched on lead.
No. 33. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 33. a. s. Ditto, ditto.
No. 34. 5. The Cuticle of the Thigh transforming into scales
on the Leg in the Turkey.
No. 35. s. The Cuticle of the Great Toe strongly adhering to
the Nail, as if the one substance was only a continuation of the
other . the root of the nail runs under cuticle loose for nearly a
quarter of an inch, but, nearer the top, becomes strongly attached.
No. 35. a. The Cuticle of the Great Toe, on which a tumour
had grown, by the side of the nail, about the size of a shelled
almond ; the cuticle had also covered it, though apparently of an
inferior kind.
No. 35. b. The Great Toe, belonging to the former Cuticle,
with the Tumour, which appears also covered with a kind of cutis.
2 u
194
SKIN.
No. 35. c. Shows as 35.
No. 35. d. The hoof of a Slink Calf, whose feet had been in-
jected ; many of the villi are still in the pores of the hoof, and
give it the appearance of injection.
No. 36. s. A portion of Scalp injected red; the hair still on, in
a side view ; it is evident that the bulbs, or roots of the hair, lie
deeper than the cutis, in the adipose membrane.
No. 37. s. Ditto uninjected, showing ditto most distinctly in
posterior view ; membrana adiposa in part removed.
No. 37. a. s. A portion of the Scalp of the Negro, showing the
curling hair, which if drawn out would be several inches long, and
resembling more the hair of Sheep, &c.
No. 38. s. A portion of Scalp from an adult; on the outside
is seen a long cicatrix, and on the inside a lock of hair, which had
been driven in at the time of receiving the wound, and continued
there probably for years without irritating.
No. 39. s. A Cyst from a Sheep’s Leg ; internally full of balls
of hair, which had grown from its surface, shed, and accumulated
gradually.
No. 40. s. A portion of Cutis injected, covered with small pox.
No. 41. s. Ditto, heads removed to show the bottom extremely
vascular and red ; the slough having just thrown off.
No. 43. s, A portion of Skin from the belly of a Woman, who
had borne children ; it is full of marks like cicatrices, as if in the
distention some new skin had been inserted or formed in different
parts, which is whiter and thinner than the originally formed skin.
No. 44. s. 45. s. Corns upon the Toes, going deeper than the
cuticle, and like nails acting on cutis itself ; under them however
in the cellular membrane is a sacculus mucosus, as if motion was
intended in the corn.
No. 45. a. An excrescence adhering to the Skin; the size of a
walnut. Case not known. (Falconer’s sale.)
SKIN.
195
No. 46. s. The Guinea Worm ; more than two feet long, and
one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, rather smaller at one end
than the other, but ending in a fine point either way.
No. 47. s. A portion of the Elephant’s Cutis, tanned, above an
inch thick; the cuticle turned down: it here appears that the
cuticle forms vaginae, which pass down a great way into the pores
of the skin.
No. 48. s. 49.5. Ditto, showing ditto; the cuticle is also internally
formed into fine honeycomb cells, corresponding to small papillae
in the cutis : there do not appear to be any ridges or grooves
similar to those on the human cuticle.
No. 50. s. A portion of small pox Skin, injected red; cuticle
and rete mucosum turned down, and sticking to one another ; a
new membrane is also turned down, in which the greater part of
the pustule seems to reside.
No. 52. a. s. A portion of injected Cutis from the sole of the
foot : by long maceration the villi are turned down, as if a dis-
tinct membrane, but the surface is rough and not porous, from
whence they came ; the membrane is of course not natural : cu-
ticle, and rete mucosum were previously removed.
No. 52. b. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
No. 52. c. s. A portion of Skin, injected from the arm ; the
cuticle and rete mucosum removed, as in the former : a new vas-
cular membrane turned down loosely, and floating ; less perfect
however than the small pox membrane.
No. 52. d. s. A portion of Tongue from the Slink Calf; cuti-
cle, rete mucosum, and the new membrane removed; a vascular
membrane, corresponding to cutis, still remains.
No. 52. e. s. Ditto.
No. 53. s. A portion of Negro’s Skin, to show that this mem-
brane is not rete mucosum; it is turned down, white, but less
perfect than in the small pox skin.
ANEURISMS.
UK)
No. 54. if. Ditto, in injected Negro’s Skin; this also less satis-
factory.
No. 54. a s. Ditto, not turned down.
No. 56. Ditto, torn in three layers, without any previous ma-
ceration.
No. 58. s :} Not described in Hunterian MSS.
ANEURISMS. K. K.
No. 1. s. The Adult human Heart; an Aneurism about the
size of a large cherry, is seen opened, in the trunk of aorta, just
as it rises out of the left ventricle. (Case, Mr. Adair’s patient.)
No. 2. s. The Trunk of the Aorta from an adult : aorta ascen-
dens seen aneurismal about the middle of its arch ; the sack equal
to a child’s head at birth ; the under side full of lamellated, firmly
coagulated blood ; the upper contained fluid blood, and is now
empty.
No. 2. a.s. An Aneurism in the arch of the Aorta, about the
size of an orange : the two carotids are separated two inches from
each other, by the distention of the bag behind ; an opening has
been made, showing coagulated blood ; and the trachea is left
remaining, to mark more precisely its situation.
No. 3. s. The anterior half of the same sack (No. 2.?), adhering
to the sternum, and cartilages of four true ribs.
No. 3. a. s. A plug of coagulated Aneurismal blood, rounded
like a child’s head at birth : it was that which burst from the man
in St. George’s Hospital ; it was in the same part as No. 3.; struck
against the top of the bed : patient died instantly. (Case, Dr.
Hunter’s Lecture.)
No. 4. s. The same kind of aneurism, and same section as
ANEURISMS.
107
No. 2. ; a small aneurismal sack unopened is seen below the great
one; size of a gooseberry.
No. 5. s. The anterior half Ditto, with a portion of ribs and
sternum; it appears larger than No. 3, and to have continued
longer, for the ribs are in some places totally obliterated.
No. 7. s. A portion of arch of aorta, with a very large
Aneurism in the right sub-clavian ; one half of the sack full of
concentric lamellae of firm blood ; the other empty, as having
contained either fluid, or half coagulated blood.
No. 8. s. A section of the largest superior portion of Aorta,
from its origin out of the heart, to its passage through diaphragm :
just as it passes the root of the lungs, it dilates into an aneur-
ismal sack, capable of containing one’s fist ; the orifice leading from
aorta into this cavity is about one half inch long, and one inch
broad, making an oval ; it had formed a bed for itself in the pos-
terior side of both lobes of the lungs, and was at first sight mis-
taken for a vomica by the pupils ; the greater part of it was as it
were buried in the lungs. (Case unknown.)
No. 9. s. The opposite section, or half Ditto ; with a portion
of lungs still adhering.
No. 10. s. An Aneurism in the trunk of aorta, about the
root of the mesentery ; size of one’s fist. (Case, Mr. Bayford’s
published.)
No. 10. a. s. An Aneurism between carotid and subclavian of
the same subject as No. 10. (Mr. Bayford’s.)
No. 10. b‘ s. A firm Coagulum from this aneurism.
No. 11. s. A portion of descending Aorta slit open, to show
the inner surface becoming aneurismal, irregular, and fasiculated.
No. 14. s. The whole Aorta descendens aneurismal, and di-
vided into two longitudinal portions : its diameter, every way,
about three inches, especially about the middle ; it becomes less',
however, in going downwards : from the dissecting room.
No. \6.s. A Coagulum of Blood from this Aneurism, formed
11)8
ANEURISMS.
into very distinct broad laminae, easily separated from one an-
other, loose floating.
No. 17. 5. 1 Portions of Aneurisms; apparently from the same
No. 17. a. s. J one, and look as if from the inguinal artery.
(Case forgot.)
No. 18. 19. s. Coagula from some of the above Aneurisms, show-
ing different degrees of firmness in the laminae, different degrees
of cohesion to one another, as more or less recent.
No. 20. s. A very large Aneurism in the Thigh, in the middle
of the Femoral Artery : the orifice is about the size of a half-
crown ; the artery above and below this is slit open, to show that
every where else it was sound.
No. 21. s. A section through the Coagulum, belonging to this
Aneurism : much larger than a Child’s head at birth ; formed of
concentric laminae, as in the other ones.
No. 22. s. )
No. 24. s. j"
Ditto, ditto.
No. 24.5. An Aneurism in the opposite Leg of the same Man,
to whom No. 21. belonged, in the posterior tibial artery : the
coagulum is pushing in between tibia and fibula, very large, the
sack being nearly circular, and four inches in diameter.
No. 24. a. s. The Tibia upper end, and lower end of Femur,
also a portion of Fibula: an aneurism in the popliteal artery, about
the size of an orange, is cut open upon a hougie passed through
the artery, which is exposed in its passage at one place, viz., the
orifice from the artery into the sack. (Case amputated, Bar-
tholomew’s Hospital, Mr Pott’s, died.)
No. 25. s. 26. s. 27. s. 28. s. 29. s. Sections through Aneurismal
Coagula very dense, so as to give the idea of firm flesh. (Rock
Gibraltar, officer.)
No. 30. 5. A portion of Coagulum, separated into laminae.
No. 31. 5. A portion of the left Ventricle of the Heart,
DISEASED BONES.
191)
dilated at the apex into a bag, large enough to hold a common
pear. (Case, dissecting room.)
No. 32. s. An Aneurism opened, apparently in the Femoral
Artery : about four inches below the larger aneurism, there is a
smaller one, of the size of a hazel nut : two bougies are put into
the artery, above and below the aneurism.
No. 33. s. The greater part of the Aorta, where there had
been an aneurism near the caeliac artery : there is an opening
behind, with a small quantity of coagulum ; the bag seems to have
been cut away. (Case, I believe. Dr. Cooper’s.)
No. 34. s. Four lumbar Vertebrae, where the bodies have been
absorbed from the pressure of an Aneurism, and even the canal of
the spinal marrow laid bare ; the intervertebral substance is entire,
being less liable to be affected by pressure. This, I believe, be-
longs to the aneurism of last number.
No. 35. s. A large portion of Coagulum, where the blood has
not been sufficiently extracted by previous maceration.
DISEASED BONES. L. L.
WET.
No. 1.5. A section longitudinally through the whole length of
os humeri of a man, who died at Wapping, with remarkable soft-
ness of bones : the cavity of the bone is much enlarged, and was
full of oil mixed with blood ; no appearance of cancelli, but cross
bridges or septa here and there ; the two extremities are less
altered than the other parts ; the cortical part thin as paper, as
soft as bees’ wax almost.
No. 2. s. Ditto, through whole length Thigh bone of Ditto,
showing ditto.
No. 3. s. Ditto, through whole length Tibia ; the extremities
still more perfect than the middle parts.
•200
DISEASED HONES.
No. 4. s. A complete Humerus from an adult: case unknown ;
but it is bent three or four different ways, and has much the
appearance of soft bone.
No. 5. s. A portion of Os Ilium, from the same subject asNo.l.;
substance of the bone still full of pulp, and the cortex very thin.
No. 6. t. A fracture of the Tibia, a little below the middle;
longitudinal section; the broken ends ride much: injected red
to great minuteness, but callus is equally vascular, with the other
parts, perhaps more so.
No. 7. t. The middle portion of a fractured Thigh injected
red, and sliced off laterally, to show injected callus.
No. 8. i. A longitudinal section through the Humerus of a
Child about the first year, fractured through the middle : injected
red and very vascular.
No. 9. A longitudinal section of Callus injected very red:
(this has more the appearance of a luxuriant stump).
No. 10. t. Ditto, very red; looks like section of a very com-
pound fracture. (Case unknown.)
No. 11. t. Ditto. These three last seem portions of one bone.
No. 12. s. The lower part of Tibia fractured; the end of the
bone beginning to exfoliate, and the new bone forming on its
outside as if from the periosteum.
No. 13. s. A Fracture in the middle of the Thigh bone, from
a sailor (Greenwich Hospital) : it never united, but a new joint,
capsular ligament, and synovial membrane were formed, and he
walked as if he had three joints in the thigh bone ; the ends of
the fracture are covered with thin cartilage.
No. 14. s. (awanting.) The lower part of the same Bone, with
all the articular cartilage dissolved away or eroded, in conse-
quence of matter pressing in the joint.
No. 15. s. The Astragalus of the same Foot; the cartilage of
the joint not quite destroyed.
DISEASED BONES.
•201
No. 15. a. (?) Diseased Joint: foot from Battersea; looks like
a fracture. (Case, Mr, Hewson’s.)
No. 16. s. The lower end of Tibia and Fibula; the cartilage
of the joint beginning to be eroded.
No. 17. s. A Patella which has the appearance on the inside of
having been fractured at one part, but not detached.
No. 1 8 5. Ditto, seemingly united again.
No. 19.5. Ditto; inside cartilage eroded, and two fractured
portions ready to drop off.
No. 20. s. A fractured Patella, with a membranous adhesion
between the tendon above the fracture, and the lower extremity
of the os femoris; a black thread shows the connecting membrane.
No. 21. .s. The Patella of the other Knee, from the same sub-
ject (an old Greenwich Hospital pensioner) ; it had united after
fracture.
No. 23. 5. Appearance in White Swelling; the cartilages on the
ends of femur, tibia, and inner surface of patella, all gone.
No. 23. a. s. Ditto ; the upper part of the cartilage of the
femur eroded.
No. 23. b. The cartilage from the upper surface of Tibia
eroded.
No. 23. c. s. The Cartilage from the Patella eroded.
No. 24. 5. The lower end of the same Femur, to which the
preceding Patella belonged: the surface of the bone is eroded by
the pressure of the fractured upper portion of patella.
No. 25. 5. A longitudinal section through the Joint of the
Knee, to show incipient anchylosis, from white swelling probably.
^^o. 25. a. s. The Cartilage which covered one condyle of the
l-emur, with the appearance of cicatrix in the middle ; two loose
smooth thick cartilaginous and bony bodies are hung to it by the
same thread: these lay loose in the cavity of the joint, hJl had
originally lam against this middle portion of cartilage
2 c ® '
DISEASED DONES.
‘2()*>
No. 26. s. A Finger from a gouty hand ; a joint opened and
bent upon itself, to show the cartilages eroded a little.
No. 27. s. Ditto, very much eroded ; the joint full of chalk -
like substance.
No. 27. a. s- Ditto, the joint invested every where with a thin
layer of chalk.
No. 28. s. Thumb from the same hand, showing ditto.
No. 29. s. Another Thumb, showing ditto.
No. 29. a. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 29. b. s. Ditto, the chalk accumulated about the joint in
considerable quantity.
No. 31. s. Glenoid cavity of Scapula, carious.
No. 32. s. Ulcer and thickening in Schneider’s membrane, from
the Lues Venerea. (Patient in Westminster Hospital.)
No. 33. s. The other side of the Nose, ditto ; the septum
narium about the middle and lower part gone before and behind,
excepting one pillar about the middle : the disease was getting
better, and the membranes had united, those of the one side with
those of the other, at the anterior and posterior edges: the mouths
of the Eustachian tubes in both were much thickened.
No. 34. s. The Vertebrte of the Back, with the heads of the
Ribs, from a scrophulous child; the bodies of almost all the verte-
brae are bare and eroded before ; the intervertebral substances
and cartilages themselves in many parts destroyed ; almost the
whole of the bodies of the two middlemost vertebrae gone, the
spinal marrow appearing bare behind ; the cartilages of the heads
of almost all the ribs eroded. From a Child in Saint George's
Hospital.
No. 35. s. A Thumb dislocated from its first bone, which had
never been reduced, but allowed to remain; the cartilaginous ends
are quite covered over with a membranous substance, which
however is loose as it covers the central parts.
DISEASED BONES.
203
No. 36. s. A longitudinal middle section of the Tibia, on which a
large node, probably venereal, was formed ; the leg had been in-
jected, and the bone afterwards steeped in an acid: the node
resembles much the callus of bone, and is also evidently vascular.
No. 39* s. A Fracture apparently, of Fibula.
No. 40. s. A very fine specimen of internal Exfoliation, where
the bone has shot into irregular granulations, and where large
holes are to be seen in some places; a kind of effort in nature to
get rid of the dead bone.
No. 41. s. A similar preparation, where the new granulations
of bone are not so irregular and projecting as in the last No.
No. 42. s. A Section of Bone, probably the Thigh, where,
in some places, the periosteum may be seen evidently much
thickened.
No. 43. s. The Ankle Joint covered with a stratum of chalk,
in many places ; the cartilage may be seen shining through.
No. 44. 5. Ditto, in some of the Joints of the Tarsus, the
chalky stratum not being so thick.
No. 44. a. Ditto, ditto?
No. 45. s. A section of the lower part of Tibia and Fibula,
where there seems to be a fracture of the inner ankle, and con-
siderable thickness round the joint.
No. 46. s. The other Section at the same joint.
No. 47. s. A section of the Tibia and Fibula at the ankle joint,
where the cartilage seems to have been entirely removed from
Tibia and Fibula.
No. 48. s. The upper portion of Tibia, where the bone is
scooped out by ulceration, and the cavity contained a number of
small hydatids, some of which still remain in it, and others have
fallen to the bottom of the phial.
No. 49. The lower end of Femur, where the cartilage of
the condyles is, in many places, abraded.
204
MONSTERS.
No. 50. s. A section ot the Fore-arm, which has been fractured
in several places.
No. 51. 5. The Elbow Joint, where the cartilage has been
removed from the os brachii, and from the head of the radius, and
where the cartilage has not only been removed from the sigmoid
cavities of ulna, but the shape considerably altered bj' a long con-
tinued ulceration.
No. 52. s. A portion of the Thigh Bone, from an old soldier,
where the leg had been amputated above the knee ; there is a
considerable thickening from ossification at the end of the stump,
and a small piece of bone is exfoliating.
No. 53. s. A section of a Tibia, where there is an oblique frac-
ture about two inches above the ankle joint.
No. 58. s. ) described in Hunterian MSS.
59. s. J
MONSTERS. M. M.
DEFICIENCY REDUNDANCY DEFORMITY.
No. 1. s. The Head of a monstrous Child; every thing above
the eyes, that is, all the cranium wanting, and consequently no
brain.
No. 2. s. Ditto dissected, to show ditto.
No. 3. s. Ditto, with large goggling Eyes : a kind of want, or
cicatrix-like appearance, in the integuments behind.
No. 3. a. s. Ditto, injected : the basis of the skull very vascular.
No. 4. s. An entire Child of this kind; instead of cicatrix be-
hind, there is a bag, like a production of pia mater, which con-
tained a fluid : in this monster there is, besides, a kind of double
hair lip.
MONSTEHS.
20-5
No. 5. 5. The superior half of a similar Monster; here likewise
there is the additional circumstances of a bag covered by the in-
teguments on the back, which looks as if the child was double.
No. 6. s. A brainless Child, with one of the thin transparent
bags behind ; it has also no nose, scarcely any eyes, and all its
viscera, both of thorax and abdomen, in a bag hanging out of the
body as it were.
No. 7. s. A Head in the style of No. 1, but larger; there is
also a double hair lip, large staring eyes, and something like re-
mains of brain on the top of the head, but uncovered by the
common integuments.
No. 8. s. A whole brainless Child, nearly; a portion of the legs
and thighs removed, to admit of its going more readily into the
bottle ; there is a thin bag behind the brain : the canal of the
spinal marrow is open, and shows nerves, but no spinal marrow.
No. 9. s. A very large, entire, brainless Child, at the ninth
month; though vigorous just before labour, such children generally
expire as soon as born.
No. 10. s. The Head of a similar though larger Child ; on the
top of the head, uncovered by the common integuments, is an
irregular fungous looking substance, presumed to be a degeneration
of brain : this substance is generally very vascular.
No. 11. s. A whole Child of the same class; very little seen
of degenerated brain, and that contained in a bag behind ; the
spinal processes of the vertebrae of the back wanting, making a
very large flat surface in place of a canal for spinal marrow.
No. 12. rf. The superior half of a Child similar to No. 10;
minutely injected red : the fungus on the head exceedingly vas-
cular, as if it were pia mater callapsed, now that the brain was
gone ; the thorax opened ; heart and lungs very perfect.
No. 13 s. Ditto; the fungus on the top of the head not larger
than the first joint of one’s thumb.
No. 14. .V. A very large Child in this class, injected minutely
MONSTERS.
20()
red: the small fungus on the left [in the cleft?] of the head di-
vided; it is extremely vascular in the centre, and a substance not
unlike pineal gland, likewise very vascular, appears to have been
surrounded by this fungus: the vertebral canal is open; spinal mar-
row is seen one-third its natural size ; the nerves are going from
it, small and degenerated : the anterior parietes of thorax and
abdomen removed ; the viscera of both cavities plump, large, and
sound, exceedingly vascular: the size of the child upon the whole
rather large.
No, 15. s. A Monster, in its upper part resembling No. 11 ;
no vestige of brain or spinal marrow, but all a flat surface,
covered with a thin membrane ; the left hand has but four fingers,
and the left thigh and leg are wanting ; the right leg and foot are
bifid.
No. 16. s. A female Child somewhat allied to this class; there
was a cranium and brain, but very small proportioned to the size
of the child: the four eyelids seem to be jumbled together, as if
they belonged to one eye in the middle of the forehead ; the eye
itself is wanting, and in the place of nose is a smooth flat surface :
contents of thorax and abdomen, large and vascular.
No. 17. s. The contents of the cranium from the preceding
Monster; cerebellum, with medulla oblongata, is very perfect,
but small, and cerebrum which forms an oblong mass, is not above
one -fifth of its natural size.
No. 18. 5, A Child about the sixth month ; the anterior parie-
tes of the abdomen for some way round the navel are wanting,
and in their place peritoneum is stretched out into a bag, in which
a considerable portion of the abdominal viscera, equal in size to a
small egg, are contained.
No. 20. s. A Child, about the ninth month, injected red ; the
bag as in No. 18, opened, and was very large.
No. 21. s. Its Twin fellow, with the same deficiency in the
parietes, and same bag ; also with the additional circumstance of
a large spina bifida behind. (Dr. H.’s case).
MONSTERS.
207
No. 22. s. A very large Child at birth ; a deficiency in the
diaphragm, has allowed the stomach and a portion of intestines
to get into the cavity of the chest, on the left side.
No. 23. s. A Child at birth ; the liver, with a portion of intes-
tines, have got into the right side of the chest.
No. 24. s. Os Pubis, Bladder, and Rectum, with Penis, from a
Child ; the Anus wanting ; rectum communicates with the blad-
der, and the foeces passed by the penis with the urine. (Mr.
Wathen’s case).
No. 25. s. A section through the Pelvis of a Female Child:
anus was wanting. Mr. Hewson, and Mr. Broomfield did the
operation here.
No. 25. a. s. The Rectum and Bladder of a Child, on which
Dr. Hunter attempted the operation for the imperforated rectum ;
the passage made is marked by a bougie : had the instrument gone
on a little farther, it would have succeeded.
No. 26.5. A Foot injected red from a Child at birth; the
metatarsal bones seem to be wanting; the toes are small, and
in the sole of the foot huddled together.
No. 27. s. The Leg and Foot of the other side, where there
appears to be a deficiency of the same kind; one toe also wanting.
No. 28. 5. A Kitten with a single head, brain wanting,
mouth and nose imperforated. Body double, contents of chest
single, of pelvis double ; body only becomes double below dia-
phragm.
No. 29. s. A young Calf; no brain, no mouth, no nose, one
eye on the top of the head.
No. 30. 5. A monstrous Pig: one eye wanting, the other
large in the middle of forehead; nose imperforated: from the size
of the head, brain probably deficient.
No. 31.5. Ditto; no eyes, a kind of proboscis like an Ele-
phant’s growing out of the forehead.
208
MONSTKllS,
No. 31. a. s. The head and shoulders of a Monstrous child,
having no nose, no eyes: it has apparently something like two eye-
lids, but placed in the middle where the nose should begin; over
them hangs a proboscis broad at its base or pendulous end, and
becoming narrower at its attachment ; it appears perforated in the
middle for a little way, and seems an attempt towards forming a
nose.
No. 32. s. A young Kitten; the left fore leg wanting.
No. 33. s. Two Children about the seventh month apparentlj'^,
growing together by the chest and abdomen.
No. 33. a, s. Ditto, apparently at full time.
No. 34, s. A Child at birth, injected red : the bladder was di-
lated to an enormous size and full of water, as if there had been
an ascites; it had encroached exceedingly on the cavity of the
chest.
No. 35. s. The Fore-arm, and Hand from a Child at birth;
there are six fingers, instead of five, the sixth one growing out
of the little one.
No. 36. s. Ditto, ditto, ditto.
No. 37. s. A Pig, with two heads, at the full time : the carotids
are injected; the left, as going to the supernumerary head, as well
as to the left side of the right one, is largest : the under jaw is
wanting, in the left head.
No. 38. (Awanting.) A Kitten, where the brain is wanting,
and the eyes fixed on the top of the head : the body is double how-
ever ; there are two spinal marrows, one set of thoracic viscera,
and, though not complete, two sets of abdominal ; the stomach is
single, but the ilium becomes bifid, and sends a gut to two different
caecums: the two supernumerary fore legs, instead of being placed
on the chest, are placed low down on the sacrum, or union of the
two pelves behind.
No. 39. s. A very large Pig, with a double body, much in the
style of the last monster ; contents of the thorax and abdomen
exposed : it is injected red.
MONSTERS.
:20})
No. 4]. s. Two Pigs strangely jumbled ; the posterior parts of
the heads are together and of the chest, but the anterior parts of
the abdomen; one of the heads has but one eye.
No. 42. s. The same appearance, in every respect, as in the
last, except that the bodies are larger and the head single : the
bodies are laid open, showing two hearts, two livers, &c.
No. 43. .V. A monstrous Calf, with two bodies, but much
shrunk.
No. 44. s. A monstrous Chicken, with double body, double
wings, and double legs.
No. 45. s. A prodigiously deformed Child, with its head and
chest buried, as it were, in a large irregular mass of flesh.
No. 46. s. The Leg of a Child at birth, injected red, and
stripped of its cuticle; to show the club foot.
No. 47. s. The skeleton of a similar Leg ; the inner mal-
leolus is before, and the outer one behind astragalus, [sole of foot]]
also turned outwards; there is also a bending between the me-
tatarsal [tarsal?]] bones themselves.
No. 48. 5. An extra-uterine Foetus. (Case in Philosoph.
Transact.)
No. 49. s. Ditto ; great part of it wanting.
No. 50. s. A number of Bones from Ditto, upon a card.
No. 53. s. Case of adhesion of the Liver to the Navel, in a
Child, soon after birth.
No. 54. s. An umbilical Rupture in a Child at birth.
No. 55. A Child, whose head is bent upwards and sunk be-
tween the shoulders ; there is a deficiency of brain, the eyes
being at the top of the head, and there is a thin bag hanging
down from the head behind: the spleen, and almost the whole
intestine.s, are out of the cavity of the abdomen.
MONSTKHS.
•ilO
No. 5G. A Child without head, and without arms: the skin,
too, appeared to be covered with a very long down, and resembles
somewhat a Pig’s skin: there appears to be no heart, lungs,
diaphragm, or liver, but the whole cavity seems filled with intes-
tines only: the left foot has only four toes.
No. 57. A Monster very much resembling the former; there
seems no head nor arms ; there is one general cavity of thorax
and abdomen undistinguished by diaphragm, in which there is no
heart, lungs, &c. Its system of vessels is injected; and consists
of one vessel which, as soon as it has perforated the navel, divides
itself into four branches, two of which go to the upper part, and
two to the lower extremities, and another vessel running along
the spine : these had carried on the circulation by their own
powers of contraction, during the whole period of utero-gestation,
for the child seems to have been born at its full time.
No. 57. a. Drawing of Vascular System in monster just de-
scribed.
No. 58. A Monster with a large head, and a large portion of
intestines, which had broken through a thin bag placed on the
right' side so as to become external; its left foot is bifid, and
there is no appearance of toes ; its other lower extremity rises
out from the trunk behind, having no distinction of thigh and
leg, and without any thing but an oblong knob for foot and toes, so
that it very much resembles the thigh of a common fowl. (Pre-
paration thus marhed does not answer to the description.)
No. 59* A Monster very much deformed, very similar to that
described in last number : its head is large ; part of the viscera
before is external ; both lower extremities arise from behind,
having a protuberance between them ; the right lower extremity
more perfect than the left.
No. 60. A Female Child exceedingly deformed: the face is
without distinction of eyes and nose, and there is a large tumour
arising from the left side of the head ; the viscera are external on
the left side, from behind the left shoulder to the pelvis ; the two
upper extremities are very much changed from their natural
appearance, the left being very short, and its hand is distinguished
by four fingers only, not very perfect ; the hand of the right arm
INCUBATED EGG.
•211
has its fingers very imperfect, and the wrist is surrounded by
three processes, not very unlike the spurs of a young fowl ; its
lower extremities are tolerably perfect.
No. 61. The upper portion of a Monster, where there is a de-
ficiency of brain, the eyes being placed on the top of the head,
and the remains of a thin bag behind ; there is no neck, and the
capacity of the chest is very small.
No. 62. A Head finely injected, with deficiency of brain, and
irregularly tuberculated on its top.
No. 63 A Head, irregularly tuberculated at the top; with large
projecting eyes, not surrounded by eyelids; with a nose project-
ing like a knob, not perforated with nostrils; and a double hair lip.
No. 64. A kind of double Kitten, where the one is complete,'
and the hinder parts of the other are joined to the belly of the
former, still at the same time showing a junction of what are to
be considered as the fore legs.
No. 65. A kind of double Kitten, where the head is single,
and two bodies joined together at the spine: there are four
hinder legs, and only three fore legs, one of which is small,
crooked, and placed nearly in the middle of the back.
No. 65. a. A similar preparation.
No. 66. A Puppy where there are no eyes, no nose, an irre-
gular fissure for the mouth, and the ears placed at the angles of
this fissure.
' \
Nos. 67. s.
69 s. described in Hunterian MSS.
70.
INCUBATED EGG. N. N.
No. 1. s. The yolk of an Egg inclosed in its proper membrane:
on the side next the great end of the shell, is a twisted gelatinous
cord, and on the opposite side there is another ; these are not
INCUBATED KC(i,
•il’2
exactly opposite to one another, but one of them is inserted ob-
liquely into the membrane, like the optic nerve into the eyeball ;
the twisted cords have been called Chalazae: they perhaps answer
the purpose of the oblique muscles regarding the eyeball, i. e.
sling it, and prevent its rotation beyond a certain degree.
No, 2. 6‘. The Membrane by itself, with the chalazae extremely
thin and transparent ; the yolk has escaped through a fissure in
its side.
No. 3. s. The contents of a boiled Egg, in which there were
two yolks, distinct from each other.
No. 4. s. An Egg Shell peeled down at the greiat end, half
an inch at least of its length, till a diaphragm -like membrane
stretches across : this serves to give an idea of the air bag, and
shows that the air is not in contact with the white or yolk.
No. 5. s. A portion of the membrane of the Yolk stretched on
blue paper : under it is seen a white spot, whose diameter is that
of a small pea ; this spot is never perceived in the yolk, unless the
hen has received the male, and is named Cicatricula.
No. 6. s. Ditto: cicatricula is opaque, circular, and spotted,
but is transparent in the centre, where it contains the foetus in •
visible to the finest microscope.
No. 7. s. Ditto, two hours after incubation: embryo invisible
still.
No. 8. s. Ditto, six hours after incubation: embryo, a small
white hair one eighth of an inch long.
No. 9. s. Ditto, at twelve hours : cicatricula now broader, com-
posed of several circles, and the embryo nearly as in the last.
No. 10. s. Ditto, at eighteen hours, and seen more distinctly:
the rudiments of the spine, the heart, the brain, and spinal mar-
row visible under the microscope.
No. 11. 5. Ditto, at twenty-four hours: the same appearances,
but a little more distinct, as somewhat more advanced.
INCUBATED EGG.
21;3
No. 12. 5. Ditto, at twenty-four hours: but appearances hardly
so much advanced as in the former ; perhaps less vigour in the
vital principle, or an original determination of less size, may be
the cause of this.
No. 13. s. Ditto: cicatricula the size of twenty-four hours; but .
a membranous bag, over which a very distinct embryo lies
larger in diameter but shorter in length than usual, gives some
room for suspecting something preternatural here, perhaps blight-
ing or shrinking in the embryo : the egg probably longer sat on
than was known, but the appearance unusual.
No. 14. s. 15. s. 16. s. Ditto, at thirty-six hours: the former
appearances now evident to the naked eye.
No. 17. s. Ditto, at forty-eight hours : still larger, and the
spinal marrow evidently composed of two cylinders, at some little
distance from one another.
No. 18. s. Ditto, at forty-eight hours: now as large as the
head almost, and the vascular system very evident ; towards the
lower end of spinal marrow is a small opaque point, which enlarges
afterwards, and becomes Vesicula Umbilicalis, or the investing
membrane, which is double, and between its dupllcature forms
Allantois.*
No. 19. s. Ditto, most elegant: the principal blood vessels
run off ^le middle of the embryo to the one side and to the
other, gfhd resemble trees with very bushy heads; the vascular
circular border is well seen ; it looks like a large circular blood-
vessel in which all the others terminated, in short as if it were
placenta to which all the arteries went, and from which the veins
returned.
No. 20. s. Ditto, in a posterior view.
No. 21.^. The Embryo at fifty-seven hours: the body now
become thick, clumsy, and more curved than formerly.
* To prevent misconception, it is necessary to remark here, that in describ-
ing the incubated egg, the terna Vesicula Umbilicalis is applied to what is now
commonly named the Allantois, while, in describing the human ovum,kthc
same term is applied to a different organ, now regarded as the ar.alocue of the
yolk-bag of the egg.
•211
INCUBATED EGCi.
No. 22. s. Ditto, with a portion of cicatricula, on which are
seen very large vessels.
No. 23. s. Ditto, at seventy hours: the head turned aside, to
show more distinctly the heart, which looks like a large twisted
vessel.
No. 24. s. Ditto, at seventy-two hours: heart very distinct, as
also vesicula umbilicalis.
No. 25. s. Ditto, at seventy-four hours: a little larger.
No. 26. s. Ditto, at seventy-nine hours; Vesicula Umbilicalis
now become very conspicuous, as also the Amnios.
No. 27. s. Ditto, ditto.
No. 28. s. Ditto, at eighty hours : cicatricula now broader than
a shilling, and very vascular.
No. 29. 5. Ditto, at ninety-six hours: extremely beautiful ; the
former circumstances all enlarged.
No. 30. s. Ditto, also at ninety-six hours, or the fourth day
complete; body of the foetus much incurvated ; vesicula umbili-
calis size of a small pea ; head very large ; the eye, in proportion,
larger than any part ; the wings and legs like little buds.
No. 31. 5. Ditto, at ninety-eight hours, very complete : the
circular external vessel very apparent.
No. 32. s. Ditto, shows vesicula umbilicalis well.
No. 33. 5. The Foetus at a hundred and one hours; head
larger than the rest of the body put together ; wings and legs now
remarkable.
No. 34. s. Foetus, at a hundred and twenty hours, or fifth day
complete : it hangs by vesicula umbilicalis.
No. 35. s. Ditto, with all its membranes complete : vesicula
umbilicalis size of a small nut.
A
INCUBATED EGG.
•215
^io. 36. A\ Ditto; Amnios still turgid with Its own fluid: foetus
very beautiful.
No. 37. s. A most beautiful preparation of Foetus, with its
Membranes, on the sixth day; amnios very distinct; vesicula
umbilicalis broader than a shilling ; arteries and veins most ele-
gant ; the vascular membrane more than half covers in the yolk.
No. 38. s. Foetus, of the fifth day, itself complete, and with a
little bit of the membrane of the yolk ; head very large ; inside
of said membrane rugous, like valvulae couniventes.
No. 39* Foetus of the sixth day ; amnios very complete,
turgid with its own liquor, and carrying transparent vessels crowded
and ramifying, but no red blood in them ; it hangs by vesicula
umbilicalis.
No. 41. 5. Foetus, of seventh day; membranes removed, and
even parietes of thorax and abdomen.
No. 42. s. Whole contents of the Egg hanging by one of the
chalazse, now thick and strong, and which had contracted a strong
adhesion to the small end of the shell ; eighth day : vesicula
umbilicalis has enveloped the foetus, the yolk in part, and seems
to enclose also the white.
No. 43. s. Foetus, of eighth day, a good deal freed from its
membranes, and the size of the first joint of one’s little finger :
the bill formed ; the body larger in proportion to the head than
before.
No. 45. s. Foetus, of ninth day, out of its membranes : vesicula
umbilicalis seems to get larger arteries than the membrane of the
yolk; feathers begin to appear on the foetus’s back; eyes make
the great bulk of the head.
No. 46. s. Foetus in Amnios, tenth day ; mouth open, and
turned towards the under side of the left wing; yolk, and white
turned out of vesicula umbilicalis.
210
INCUBATED EGG.
No. 48. s. Foetus very compact in Its Amnios, tenth day,
hangs by both membranes : meatus auditorius externus very
wide; feathers making a ridge down the middle of the back, and
two spots on the rump.
No. 49- s. Ditto, spread out on paper ; arteries going to the
umbilical membrane, clearly, the largest.
No. 50. s. Whole contents of the Egg, eleventh day: the
umbilical membrane had quite enclosed chick, yolk, and white,
but the sides at the part of contact were only touching, not ad-
hering ; they are pulled out to show the manner, in which they
meet.
No. 51.5. Foetus by itself; thorax and abdomen exposed:
eleventh day.
No. 52. s. Whole contents of the Egg, now enclosed in the
umbilical membrane ; the blood vessels on the outside larger
than crow quills: twelfth day.
No. 54. s. Contents of Egg, thirteenth day ; foetus and yolk
with the membranes, turned out of membrana umbilicalis, which
here appears a complete bag, except one little fissure at the top ;
septum between the air in the great end and this bag, is left in
situ.
No. 55. 5. Ditto, ditto, with its shell; umbilical vessels pro-
digiously large.
No. 56. s. Contents of the Egg turned out of membrana um-
bilicalis, which is left lining the Inside of the shell, and seen
beautifully injected with its own blood coagulated by distilled
vinegar : a very fine preparation.
No. 57. s. Contents of the Egg entire, fourteenth day : that
membrana umbilicalis is a double membrane, and is Allantois
appears from the urine ; which is thick like chalk and water, and
seen in considerable quantity over tbe chick’s rump.
No. 58. s. Ditto, fifteenth day ; a bristle introduced between
the two laminae of membrana umbilicalis, which covers the con-
tents of the egg like a double night cap.
INCUBATED ECG.
•217
No. 59. s. Ditto, ditto; turned out ditto.
No. 60, Foetus, sixteenth day, complete!}’' covered with
feathers; the yolk in its membrane hangs by ductus intestinalis ;
the umbilical membrane by urachus : there is, besides, a small
vesicle full of fluid, in the line of one of the large blood vessels
of the last named membrane, which is perhaps more properly
styled Vesicula Umbilicalis.
No. 61. s. Foetus, at sixteenth day, hanging by the heels:
thorax and abdomen opened; from the mouth there drops, what
was a fluid, and which coagulated in spirits like the albumen.
^<0. 62. 5. Foetus, seventeenth day: the yolk suspended with its
membrane, is seen on one side, vesicula umbilicalis on the other;
and from these two the foetus hangs, by ductus intestinalis on the
side of the yolk, by urachus on the side of vesicula umbilicalis :
what remains of the white, now not much larger than half the
barrel of a crow quill, is seen seemingly in a membrane, attached
at one place firmly to the membrane of the yolk ; the fluid, which
was thin and transparent and dropped from its mouth, is now,
when put into the spirits, seen coagulated and white.
No. 63. s. Foetus, on the eighteenth day, almost perfect: albu-
men all gone, and yolk beginning to be drawn into the abdomen ;
the vessels of membrana umbilicalis also shrinkino-.
No. 64. s. Ditto, nineteenth day: yolk more than half taken
into the abdomen ; vessels on the inside shell much shrunk ; and
a black bristle points to a similar vesicula to that formerly men-
tioned, (umbilicalis proprio dicta), size of a small nut.
No. 66. s. Foetus, now hatched, opened to show urachus enter-
ing the under side of rectum, and admitting a crow quill.
Nos. 67. s. '
68. s.
69. s.
70. s.
71. s.
72. 5.
73. s.
74. s.
> Not described in Hunterian MSS.
(5.
2 i<:
218
(JKNEKATION,
llio difficult points are — Wlience comes the carina: if from the
male, how gets it under the membrane of the yolk; or does it
always exist there, though invisible ? How does the membrana
umbilicalis get on the outside of the membrane of the yolk, so as
to enclose foetus, yolk, and white, completely ? Is it between a
double membrane itself? How is the white carried into the
stomach and intestines of the chick, at a particular point of ad-
hesion between yolk and it ? What is the intention of such
large vessels, and of such a size of allantois? The yolk is origin-
ally surrounded by the white ; how gets it to one end of the shell,
and the white to the other?
GENERATION. RABBITS. 0.0.
No. 1.5. The Uterus of a Rabbit, hot, that had not received
the male: the vagina is about six inches long, and half an inch in
breadth : there are three openings into it, one from the bladder,
about two inches from the vulva, and two at the opposite end
from each horn of the uterus : the horns are much curved, about
four inches in length and one-eighth in diameter ; in the end next
vagina, they become smaller and smaller as they approach the
ovaria and Fallopian tubes, which run serpentine, and are nothing
else than a continuation of the horns ; the ovarium is of the size
of a kidney bean, and within one-fourth of an inch of the orifice
of the tube, which is rugous and fimbriated, resembling a full
blown pink in its shape nearly. When the animal is hot, the
vagina is, internally, almost black, from the derivation of blood to
it, and the ovaria are externally covered with a number of pellucid
little grains, like drops of glass, which contain the ova in their
centre, and afterwards become corpora lutea: injected red.
No. 2.5. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium
of a Rabbit, hot, but which had not received the male : some of
the formerly mentioned grains in the ovarium appear here very
bloody, so that they form now dark spots; there are several of
GENEEATION.
211)
the others, but from the size of the dark ones, it seems probable
they were to give out the first ova, and they are accordingly
more vascular and forward than the other ones; they project but
little above the surface of the ovarium : not injected.
IVo. 3. s. The Uterus of a Rabbit two hours after the coitus: the
round bodies in the ovarium more pouting, more vascular than in
the last ; the internal surface of the uterus redder, i. e., the deri-
vation of blood to it greater, but little else different from No. 1.:
injected.
^0. 4. 5. A portion of Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium of
the Rabbit, the first day of the coitus; the appearance of the
round bodies in the ovarium as in the last, only [not] injected.
No. 5. s. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and
Ovarium, the second day of the coitus; no apparent change on
the uterus from the former, but in the ovarium the corpuscles are
more projecting above the surface of ovarium, and form a nipple-
like appearance.
No. 6. s. Ditto, on the third day ; no apparent difference from
the former ; the corpuscles in the ovarium flatter than could have
been supposed.
No. 8.S. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium
in the Rabbit, on the fourth day: appearances very little different
from those of the third day; corpora lutea a little more prominent;
in some the appearance of a superadded, round, very small body,
on the most prominent point, in others this looks more like a
small cavity or depression.
No. 10. .y. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ova-
rium slit open, on the fifth day : at different parts, the uterus
could be perceived enlarged and rounded, where internally the
ova were contained ; the corpora lutea appear to sink deep into
the substance of ovarium, as well as to project much above its
surface, and are considerably [larger] than in No. 8.
No. 12. s. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ova-
rium, on the sixth day ; appearances of the fifth day a little more
increased.
•2-20
GENERATION.
No. 13. 6'. Ovarium of the sixth clay; as in the former ones,
the day is denoted by the number of bristles inserted here ; as
in the last, the corpora lutea project much beyond the surface
of ovarium, which now is externally rough and tuberculated.
No. 15. s. A portion of the Uterus of the Rabbit, on the sixtli
day, with Ovarium, and Fallopian Tube ; the cells in which the
last mentioned ova (in Tube No. 14. 7iow awanting^ were con-
tained, are seen opened in two instances.
No. \7‘S. Ditto: two cells opened; ova removed to show the
surface of uterus, to which they adhered loosely : on the posterior
side, is seen a bit of decidua, nearly as in the human subject,
attached to the blue paper, to which the above named preparation
is fixed before. No appearance of foetus as yet.
No. 18.5. Ditto, internal surface of the Uterus more exposed,
and ovarium more distinctly seen ; corpora lutea, upon the whole,
enlarging and projecting more.
No. 20.5. Portion of the Uterus of the Rabbit, opened; attach-
ed to blue paper; on the eighth day: it showed the foetus, which
was made visible, by dropping distilled vinegar on it, but is now
not visible from the opposite white ground.
No. 22. 5. One of the cells of the Uterus, in which is enclosed
ovum of the ninth day, opened; the foetus amazingly increased — to
four or five times (perhaps ten times) its first visible size ; the
cavity of the ovum very large, and full of ropy transparent fluid.
No. 23.5. Ditto, with Fallopian Tube, and a section of Ovarium ;
the corpora lutea, in a side or vertical section, evidently hollow in
the centre.
No. 25. 5. A portion of the Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Ovari-
um of the Rabbit, on the eleventh day; the foetus seen lying in
its cell, and still enclosed in its amnios, proportionably larger
than in No. 24 (awaniing), but even now the navel-string is hardly
visible; the corpora lutea, very large, and project much above the
surface of the ovarium, which is now very rough.
THE TEETH.
0*21
No. 28.5. A Foetus (or greater part of it), on the fourteenth
day: heart e.xceedingly large; head bifid near the mouth with a
hole in each point anteriorly for the nostrils, as the upper jaw is
asunder, for some time in the foetus. (?)
No. 30. s. A portion of fourteenth day Uterus with Ovarium,
injected: the corpora lutea are as red as vermilion; seen in a
vertical section of ovarium, and apparently hollow in the centre.
No. 31.5. A portion of Uterus, Ovarium, and Fallopian Tube of
the Rabbit, on the sixth day after the coitus; in the extremity of
the horn next the Fallopian Tube is a polypous excrescence,
■which, though it did not prevent conception in the ovarium of
that side, prevented four ova from getting farther into the horn
than merely the entrance, and would probably have induced
abortion.
No. 32. 5. An Ovarium from the Rabbit, converted almost
wholly into a dropsical cyst, as frequently happens in the human
subject.
No. 33. 5. An Ovarium of the eleventh day ; the increased size
of the corpora lutea very remarkable, so that it resembles a mul-
berry nearly in external roughness.
Nos. 34.
5.
35.
5.
36.
5.
37.
5.
38.
5.
39.
5.
40.
5.
41.
5,^
Similar preparations from Rabbit, Dog, or other
Quadrupeds, not described in Hunterian MSS.
THE TEETH. P. P.
No. 1. 5. The stomach of a Lobster, showing that the Teeth
are not necessarily situated in the mouth ; the teeth in this animal
resemble two grinders and a canine, and are internally hollow.
ooo
the teeth.
No. 2. p. A very beautiful view of the whole Teeth with their
roots, in an upper and under jaw of the same human head, show-
ing the situation of the human teeth.
No. 3. The Alveolar processes of the under Jaw, showing that
their sides are thinnest externally till you come to the two last
grinders, where this is reversed; in the upper jaw, both sides equal
or nearly so.
No. 3. a. Ditto, on the upper Jaw.
No. 4. The eight Teeth of one side, from the upper Jaw of the
same subject; showing the size of the teeth with respect to one
another, and also serving to show the parts of a tooth, viz., the
body, neck, and root: stuck on green paper.
No. 5. Twelve Teeth, from Pigs fed on madder, become red
throughout ; showing that the arteries convey the colouring mat-
ter of the madder to the teeth as to other bones, but the
madder is taken out of other bones, but always remains in teeth,
as if they had no absorbents : on blue paper.
No. 7. Eight Teeth worn down on the grinding-stone smooth,
to the middle of the body almost; showing the difference between
bone and enamel, also the thickness of the enamel respecting the
bone : blue paper.
No. 8. Six Teeth treated in the same way, and afterwards the
bony substance burned with a red-hot iron till it became black,
while the enamel remains white.
No. 9. A half of the lower Jaw, the teeth in situ treated in
the same way; showing enamel in a transverse section.
No. 10. The whole of the upper Jaw, treated ditto; showing
ditto.
No. 11. The same as No. 9> only the bony substance is colour-
ed black, by a solution of silver in nitrous acid much diluted,
while enamel remains white. ? [Left half upper jaw.]
THE TEETH.
003
No. 12. The same as No. 10, but treated as No. 11. All on
green or blue paper.
No. 13. One half of the lovper Jaw: shows a perpendicular sec-
tion of the Teeth in situ, from the outside; the bone burned
black, and the enamel white, which gradually becomes thinner, as
it comes nearer the neck of the tooth : green paper.
No. 14. Six Incisors, from the second set ; the enamel waved
like wreaths of snow, in the horizontal direction : blue paper.
No. 15. Eight Teeth on green paper, in two rows: the first
five, from the roots being naturally more dark than is usual,
show the boundaries between the bone and the enamel at the
neck of the tooth more distinctly; the last three show each a
drop of enamel on the roots of the teeth, at some distance from
the body.
No. 16. A transverse section of a Horse’s Tooth, which had
been shed, treated as the human teeth. No. 8; to show the
enamel not on the outside, as in men, but irregularly convoluted
and intermixed with bony substance : blue paper.
No. 17. Ditto, treated with the solution of silver; shows,
ditto: blue paper.
No. 17. a. A section of the Elephant’s Tooth : enamel more
regularly intermixed than in No. 17.
No. 18. Nine Teeth, pushed through and fixed in holes in
stiff blue paper; showing a transverse section of their cavities,
some of which are nearly round, others oval, and some square.
No. 19. A transverse section of the Teeth, in situ in the
lower Jaw; the size of the cavity nearly in proportion to the bulk
of the tooth, and, of course, largest in the molares.
No. 20. An upper Jaw, the Teeth in situ, and ground down so as
to give a pependicular view of the cavities from the outside: the
cavity, upon the whole, is larger near the basis of the tooth, or
about the middle of the body, and gradually becomes smaller as
2*24
THE TEETH.
it goes to the extremity of the fang; it takes the shape, not only
of the body, but of the roots of the tooth, and is therefore single,
double, triple, or quadruple.
No. 21. The lower Jaw of a child about two years old, con-
taining the ton first teeth complete, injected red; the periosteum
removed at the level of the gums, which are highly vascular, and
left in situ; showing principally the gums. B. P.
No. 22. Ditto, in the upper Jaw. B.P.
No. 24.5. 25.5. Two sections of a Tooth, with the alveolar
processes and gums; shows principally that the gum is villous, par-
ticularly round the neck of the tooth, like the surface of the lips.
No. 26. 5. One half of the lower Jaw from a young person,
periosteum, gums, and teeth in situ; shows more fully the fringed
villous border of the gums, and their superior vascularity.
No. 27. t. The whole lower Jaw of a young person, with the
Teeth in situ ; highly injected red, steeped in an acid, divided
perpendicularly through the teeth, and dried; shows many of the
teeth exceedingly vascular, particularly those which had not yet
got above the gums.
No. 28. a. 5. One half of lower Jaw treated in the same way as
No. 27, but not dried : divided internally.
No. 33. t. A nearly full grown Incisor of the second set, in the
upper jaw, hanging by a slip of elegantly injected periosteum.
No. 34. t. Ditto ; still more beautiful.
No. 35. t. Two Incisors of the second set, attached by gum
Arabic to green paper : the uppermost is split into two different
parts; the largest part shows the vessels of the cavity, the smaller
shows periosteum: and the under tooth shows a periosteum of an
unaccountable kind, covering the enamel at one part, and highly
vascular.
No. 36. t. Three Monkey’s Teeth, stuck on green paper with
gum Arabic; periosteum beautifully injected in them all, and in-
ternal cavity in the lowermost.
THE TEETH.
225
:So. 37. The four Incisors of the upper jaw in one row, and
the four of the under in another: those in the upper are larger
Uian those in the under, particularly the two middle ones ; they
have but one root, and a sharp cutting edge.
No. 38. Tlie four Cuspidati in>ne ron ; the two first bclonw
to the upper jaw, the two towards the right hand to tlie under •
tiieir basts is pointed like a wedge ; they have but one root, are'
largest in the upper jaw.
Ao. 39. Eight Bicuspides in two rows; those in the first row
belong to the upper jaw, those in the second to the under :
their bases have each two points, and they have here but one root •
they are also largest in the upper jaw.
No. 40. Six Molares, in two rows, those in the uppermost
row from the upper jaw, and v. v.j the first either have three fangs
or e appearance of three run together, the second have only
wo angs j 0 those in the upper jaw two fangs are turned out-
wards, and the third inwards, and they are somewhat conical i in
the under jaw, the fangs have two broad sides and two narrow
Sides, the narrow ones are always turned outwards.
No. 41 Fifteen Molares of the Upper Jaw, stuck by their
eaTis“;r“Tate7"’'
ma'^'t!^' 'T'’ ni‘° “> same head,
ade to perforate blue paper, so that their roots may be seen
at one view distinctly: besides the molares of this set, there are
the molares of another set more perfect in their roots.
No. 43. Six Bicuspides, with double roots.
No. 44. Nine Dentes Sapientiir, with their roots run together
and bent, as this tooth has seidom room to grow. ®
No. 45. Four Dentes Sapiential, with each four fangs.
-orf";"^'/' '•“Ot having a
=or of node or exostosis, by which its extremity is the largest
I art, and which would make the extraction of such teeth more
'lifiicuU and dangerous.
2 F
2-26*
TIIK TEETH.
No. 47. a. Four lower Jaws, showing that the incisor cells are
first formed, and so on gradually backwards less and less of the
septum is formed; the uppermost one is from a very young sub-
ject, the septa only beginning to be formed at the place of the
incisors.
No. 48. s. The upper and under Jaw, teeth in situ exposed, the
gums left in situ ; from a child at birth, showing how far from
O'
tlie edges of the gums the edges of the teeth then are.
No. 49. s. A Child’s under Jaw at birth, with all its teeth ex-
posed ; to show the ossifying points on the basis, sometimes three
as in the incisors, or five as in the molares: the two last molares
are still pulp except in one point.
No. 51. 5. Child’s under Jaw, at seven months: teeth in situ
injected minutely ; the capsule as well as the pulp of the teeth
highly vascular, the one to form enamel, the other to form bone.
No. 52. s. Ditto, a little more advanced, or at birth; both
arteries and veins minutely injected, and seen branching together
on the pulps.
No. 53. Shows the same thing as No, 51, m one half of
upper Jaw of a child at birth.
No. 54. s. The under Jaw of a Calf (Slink) injected, and so
prepared as to show the different pulps; two rows adhering to the
under sides of the alveolar processes, and one middle row descen
ing between the two others from the gums : the two first orm
bone, the third enamel.
No. 55. 5. 56. 5. The pulps from the Elephant, one the pulp
of bone, the other pulp of enamel; the long processes pass
between one another, as the prepared tooth shows.
No 57 s. Half the lower Jaw of a Slink Calf, highly injected,
and so prq^ared that the under sides of the vascular bony pulps
are seen.
No. 58. 5. Other half Ditto, so prepared that a side view of the
same pulp is seen, or rather of the surrounding vascular capsule.
THE TEETH,
227
No. 59- s. Tliis Capsule opened, to show the growing teeth
underneath, in ditto.
No. 60. s. Growing Tooth, hanging by its very vascular pulp,
removed from the jaw, in ditto.
No. 61. Five rows of growing -Teeth, in different stages; the
edges of the fangs always smooth, and it appears that the body is
first formed, and the fang gradually after.
No. 62. Three rows Ditto; some injected, and internally very
vascular.
No. 63. a. t. Both Jaws in a Child at birth, highly injected red;
all the teeth exposed, to show that little else than the body of the
most anterior, and the basis of the most posterior teeth are yet
formed; the vascular capsule is left on, in several of them: in oil
of turpentine.
No. 64. s. A Child’s upper and under Jaw, injected red; about
two years old: it has eight teeth in each jaw, and a ninth just
cutting the gum in the upper jaw ; several of the second set are
also seen in separate cells underneath.
No. 65. p. The upper and under Jaw of a Child between two
and three years old ; it has got twenty teeth complete, which are
perfectly exposed, nor yet beginning to shed; twenty other teeth,
which are to succeed these, are also discovered lower down in the
jaw, enclosed in their capsules, which are very vascular, and in-
jected red.
No. 66. p. Three rows of Teeth stuck on blue paper; their roots
are either entirely gone, or incomplete and ragged, a proof that
they were shedding: they may be supposed to be of the first
twenty, as shown in No. 65, now disappearing.
No. 66. a.p. A shed Tooth from a Horse, with the same jagged
roots ; little remains of the tooth but its base.
No. 68. p. An half of an upper and under Jaw, from a Child
about four years old; both sets of teeth exposed: some of the
2-28
THE TEETH.
first set are gone, and sonic of the second come down, so that
they are seen In all the different situations: the principal arterial
trunks also seen.
No. 69' 'p- A similar preparation to No. 65, from a somewhat
older child, perhaps five years old ; the number of teeth the
same, but the incisors in the under jaw stand high, as if the
alveolar process had left them, and they were ready to drop out.
No. 69- a.p. A similar preparation to No. 69, with this differ-
ence, that the middle incisors of both jaws are wanting ; it may
very possibly be the same, the incisors which are wanting having
dropt out, as No. 69 cannot be found. [No. 69 now (1841) in
Museum, and that marked No. 69« «. wants the four incisors be-
low, and the two of the right side above.]
No. 70. An under Jaw from a Child, about seven years old :
the incisors and cuspidati have dropt out, and the second set are
seen rising; the two molares of each side are standing, but their
bases as well as their roots appear to be wasting.
No. 71.jo. One half of upper and under Jaw from a Child,
about eight or nine years old: the first of the former [temporary]
incisors of upper and under jaw are gone, and the second [per-
manent] ones got into their place; second of the former, especially
in the under jaw, is ready to drop out, the root being almost
entirely gone : the child had twenty-four teeth ; and the first of
the permanent grinders are complete, and above the gums; the
first of the temporary grinders is ready to drop out.
No. 72. jO. A most beautiful preparation of upper and under
Jaw, from a Child about ten years old: forty teeth are discovered ;
the four first incisors both in upper and under jaw are gone, and
the new set either out or getting out ; the temporary grinders
just dropping out; the cuspidati of the first set still firm; the
new cuspidati deep in the- jaw; the first permanent grinders out,
and complete.
No. 73. A Section of the lower Jaw, in which two molares are
seen in situ, and a dens sapientiae growing, its root not yet com-
pleted.
ABSORBENTS.
00()
No. 74. A Horse’s shed [deciduous] Tooth, upon the top'of
the almost complete young tooth: the latter appears to be formed
in the same cavity with the old one ; and by its pressure to have
increased the absorption of the other.
No. 75. An upper Jaw from an old head; bicuspides and
molares in situ, incisors and former cuspidati gone: two third
set cuspidati are seen very large ; their points just to be felt in
the roof of the mouth.
No. 76. Three rows of Teeth covered with Tartar; in one
the bulk of the tartar surpasses that of the tooth itself.
No. 77. Several rows of carious Teeth, in difiFerent stages; from
that state in which a small hole only appears in the side of the
body of the tooth, till nothing remains but a very small stump.
No. 80. The head of the Viper, with two bifid teeth con-
taining canals for the passage of the poison.
^ No. 81. t. A lower Jaw highly vascular, from a child about
nine or ten months old; showing three incisors above the gums,
and a fourth just breaking through: the tongue and larynx hiahly
vascular, are attached. *
No. 82. An upper and lower Jaw of an Adult, with alveolar
processes removed give a view of the fangs upon the left side
(V. MSS.)
ABSORBENTS PARTICULARLY. Q. Q.
WET OR IN BOTTLES.
No 1. s. The Great Toe of the right foot, with tlie metatar-
sal and tarsal bones in the same line; the external integumenis
arc removed; the tendons of tibialis anticus. and extensor nolliois
longus are exposed ; on the outside of the first bone of the great
230
ABSORBENTS.
toe, appear some Absorbents filled with mercury; these run up
with the aforesaid tendons over the ankle joint, to get upon the
foreside of the tibia, and inside of the thigh, as will be seen in
No. 1. of the dry preparations.
No. 2. s. The Femoral Artery, or that part of it which reaches
from the groin to the ham : on its outside clings an absorbent,
the trunk of the deep seated ones of the leg ; it is filled with mer-
cury, in some places is almost as large as a goose quill, is some-
times double, sometimes triple, but higher up becomes single ; it
appears now very tortuous, as if much longer than the artery, but
the artery is now shortened from its elasticity.
No. 3» A very fine injection with mercury, of the Absorbents
of the human Testicle; they are remarkably large, and were
filled from the rete testis, by filling the vas deferens with mercury ;
there are only two absorbents filled, but as they go higher up the
cord, (which is seen almost its whole length), they become double,
and are four: vas deferens also filled, and all spread on blue paper.
No. 4. t. The Absorbents filled with mercury, rising out of the
body of the Testicle; vas deferens also filled: on red paper.
No. 5. t. Ditto, two seen ; ditto.
No. 6. 5. Epidydymis filled with mercury; a very large absor
bent also filled with mercury, running on the cord.
No 7. s. The Absorbents of the Testicle of the Bear, filled
„Uh mercury, and running the whole length of the cord, to the
number of eight or ten : on the body of the testicle they are in-
numerable i several of those on the cord are twice or three times
the size of a crow quill.
No. 8. i. Ditto, dried and in turpentine, but smaller and less
beautiful than the last : vas deferens also injected.
No. 9. A half of a Testicle, suspended by several absorbent
vessels in the spermatic cord.
No 10 (. A portion of human Intestine, with the mesentery:
eight or ten absorbents are filled with mercury, and arc seen
ABSORBENTS,
■231
running tiu'ough glands, increasing in size after tlioy emerge from
the glands; the glands themselves are evidently cellular; in two
places the same lacteals maybe traced through two different glands:
spread on red paper and thin wood, to prevent the coming over
of the turpentine, which constantly happens when the preparation
is suspended by threads.
No. 1 1. t. Three large Absorbents also filled with quicksilver,
injected on the intestine, and sub-dividing on the mesentery into
eight or nine; these are perhaps branches belonging to other
absorbents, but communicating with the former; they pass into
glands about four inches from the upper or first edge of the in-
testine.
No. 12. A portion of an uncommonly large human Intestine,
with mesentery ; the lacteals injected with quicksilver, and passing
into glands on the mesentery : one of these lacteals runs longi-
tudinally on the gut, and is there much larger than a crow quilt
No. 13. A small and thin portion of the human Lungs, with
some superficial absorbents injected upon it.
No. 14. t. The Absorbents of the Intestines filled with mer-
cury, and rather small in size : four or five different absorbents, in
one place, meet in one gland ; in another, the same absorbent gives
one branch to one gland, and another to a distant one.
No. 15. s. An Absorbent arising from the Intestine, in a drop-
sical body; runs towards a gland four inches distant from the
first edge of the gut, but before it enters, ramifies into eight or
ten smaller branches. "
^ No, 16. s. Absorbents rising out of the human Intestine, filled
with mercury, and exceedingly small: the mesentery was cancer-
ous; and the obstruction made, perhaps, the smallest vessels visible.
No. 17. t. Lacteals filled with quicksilver, putting on a very
nodose or knotted appearance, from the intersecting valves ; ar-
teries injected red : human intestine.
No. 18. A beautiful quicksilver injection of the Absorbents
on the Horse’s Intestine, where they ramify innumerable, and to
great minuteness.
t232
ADSORBENTS.
No. 19. s. A portion of the Ass’s Intestine slit open, and
hanging lengthways ; the cellular substance between the fasciculi
of muscular fibres puts on the appearance of a circular vessel: mer-
cury injected into these intestines, easily fills the absorbents; the
same appearance may be seen in the human intestine : the cir-
cular vessels are here filled with quicksilver, and the absorbents
also rising out of them : the arteries injected red.
No. 19. &. A portion of Ass’s Intestine, laid open, moder-
ately injected red, and some absorbents seen running on its outer
surface injected with quicksilver, very different in their appear-
ance from the circular vessels.
No. 20. s. The same preparation with No. 18, only larger,
and in spirits stretched on wood.
No. 21. 5. The Arteries, and Veins on the Intestine, and Mes-
entery of the Antelope injected red ; the lacteals full of their
own chyle, numerous and distinct, but passing in greater numbers
at some distance from the principal blood vessels.
No. 22. The Lacteals on the mesentery of a Kitten ; large,
and filled with mercury, going into the pancreas Asellii.
No. 23. A portion of the large Intestine of the Ass; the
arteries filled with red, the veins with yellow, and the absorbents
as large as crow quills with mercury.
No. 24. A portion of Intestine from the Turtle; the arteries
injected red, the veins black, and the absorbents with quicksilver:
these last ramify exactly as the arteries and veins ; the artery has
every where two veins, and two absorbents attending it; the artery
is in the middle, a vein on each side, and an absorbent on the
outside of each vein ; the absorbent trunks are in many places
as large as the arteries, though much smaller than the veins ; on
the internal surface of the intestine, the absorbents appear rami-
fying with the arteries and veins, on the top of the vilh, to great
minuteness.
No. 25. s. Ditto, with the mesentery; unopened, and showing
nearly as in the last.
ABSOKBENTS.
233
No. 26. 5. Ditto ; in the middle of tlie mesentery, the smaller
absorbents form a plexus or network very intricate, resembling a
kind of gland, and probably doing the same office as absorbent
glands on the mesenteries of other animals.
No. 26. a. Not described: same as last; plexus more minute.
No. 27. s. Ditto ; showing as No. 25.
No. 28. 5. Ditto ; absorbents only injected and running to
great minuteness on the mesentery, as well as on the intestine.
No. 29. Ditto sht open ; shows the mercury poured out
into the cellular interstices, surrounded on the one hand by
villous coat, and on the other by muscular.
No. 30. i. Ditto exceedingly beautiful, unopened, and absor-
bents very minute ; veins and arteries injected black.
No. 31. Ditto inverted, and distended; showing an apparent
extravasation of the mercury between muscular and villous coats,
but which was proved in the general description [in most places?] ’
to be vessels.
No. 32. Internal surface of the Turtle’s Intestine, spread on
a card, and showing by bristles some appearance of extremities in
the absorbent branches on that surface.
No. 33. s. Ditto ; extremely minute.
^ No. 34. s. Ditto ; two bristles pointing to something like valves
in the extremity of the absorbent branches.
^ No. 35. t. Ditto opened, after it was dried inflated; the arteries
injected red, the veins black, and the absorbents with mercury •
the seeming extravasation of mercury between villous and mus'
cular coat evidently vessels, in the inside view.
No 36. rf. Spread on green paper and varnished, a portion of
the Intcslnte and Mesentery of the Porpoise : the arteries in-
jected with wax, the absorbents with mercury, run along the
mesentery to g ands at eight inches distance from the edge of the
gut ; the absorbents are very small in this animal, and tLir sub-
divisions, as they enter the glands, barely visible.
2 G
ABSORBENTS.
t>34
No. 38. s. A portion of the Intestine of the Turbot; the
absorbents elegantly filled with mercury : the same network be-
tween muscular and villous coat as in the turtle, but less crowded,
and of course more distinct.
No. 39. t. Ditto, in the Cod ; the arteries red ; the absorbents
injected with mercury.
No. 42. 5. A portion of the opened Intestine of the Turbot;
the arteries injected, to great minuteness, with size and vermilion;
the villi resemble those on the human gut, but are much larger :
the absorbents injected with mercury, ramify with great minute-
ness on the villi.
No. 43. s. Internal surface of Intestine in the Cod, arteries
red : absorbents injected with mercury ; the extreme branches
barely visible, but very elegant.
No. 44. s. Ditto, showing ditto ; the arteries make a fine
honeycomb network in the internal surface of the gut.
No. 45. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 46. s. A portion of the Intestine of the Turbot ; ab-
sorbents alone injected with quicksilver, and on the edges of the
villi, forming a most elegant border.
No. 47. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 48. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 49. s. The Absorbents filled with mercury, very large and
numerous, on a portion of the stomach of an Ass.
No. 50. 5. The Absorbents filled with mercury, running to
great minuteness, on the villous coat of the intestine of the Turtle.
No. 6\ d. The Absorbents on the intestinal tube of the Skate,
running to great minuteness ; the arteries injected red ; the veins
empty,°or partly filled with yellow coloured size.
No 52. A portion of the Stomach of a Turtle ; arteries in-
jected red. veins black, absorbents with mercury : very beautiful.
No. 53.5. A portion of the Stomach of the Skate, injected red;
the absorbents most beautifully and minutely filled with quicksilver,
also exceedingly numerous; the veins partly injected with black.
ABSORBENTS.
935
No. 53. a. 5. A Haddock opened; the arteries injected red;
the absorbents with yellow : these last run pretty minute on sorne
parts of the intestine. niv/
No. 54. t. A portion of the Stomach of the Skate ; the Absor-
bents hlled with mercury.
No. 55. The entire Stomacli of the Skate ; arteries and veins
black ; absorbents filled with mercury.
^ llliv;
No. 56. t. A portion of Stomach Ditto ; showing, chieflyj’Uhe
absorbents filled with mercury, running to great minuteness,^ and
numerous.
iWvn
No. 57. t. The Stomach of the Congei’ Eel ; arteries and S’^eins
both red ; the absorbents filled with mercury, numerous, regular,
and beautiful.
II h/.'
No. 58. t. A portion of another Ditto; shows ditto, but
much more numerous.
No. 59. 5. A portion of the Liver, from a Boy twelve’ years
old: the absorbents exceedingly numerous, are injected/with
quicksilver; they are passing from the small lobe towards the Jeft
ligament, to perforate the diaphragm, by a portion of which the
preparation hangs on one side; they ramify like a tree,Igoing
from smaller branches to large trunks : the trunks sometimes run
on the upper surface of the diaphragm forwards to the p'q'ficar-
dium ; sometimes backwards along the crura passing behind, whdVe
they go into thoracic duct. i! ) tlr
No. 60. 5. Ditto, from an adult, ditto ; shows also Od^ the
opposite side the absorbents passing through the substance of >the
liver, along the coats of vena portarum, some large branches of
which are cut open to show this. jov/!,, r
No. 61.#. Ditto, from the same Boy as No. 59; the Absorbents
injected with mercury, exceedingly numerous, indeed covering
the great lobe of the liver on the upper convex surface, and also
running towards the diaphragm; after which, they meet those of
the small lobe at the pericardium, or go down on the crura of the
diaphragm to the duct: the arteries, both here and in No.59,-^re
injected red. -rnlnn -
•236
ABSORBENTS,
No. 62. s. The Absorbents on the convex surface of the great
lobe, running over the ligamentum suspensorium hepatis, in their
way to pericardium to join the former, [those from the small lobe] ;
arteries injected red.
No. 62. a. Absorbents on surface of Liver, (not described).
No. 64. s. The upper surface of the spleen of a Calf ; covered
with absorbents which are filled with quicksilver, and exceedingly
varicose, that is, alternately large and small.
No. 65. s. A portion of human Lungs ; the absorbents injected
with quicksilver, passing from the lungs into glands at the root of
the lungs.
No. 66, s. The Absorbents in the Spleen of the Turtle, filled
with quicksilver ; the arteries injected red, the veins black.
No, 68. s. Lobe of Lungs in a Child at birth ; the external
surface of the lungs quite covered with absorbents, forming network.
No. 69. d. A portion of the Lungs of a Porpoise, the arteries
injected red, the absorbents with quicksilver ; these last do not
form a network as in the human subject, but long branches as in
the Lion, &c. : on green paper.
No. 70. t. The Absorbents of the Lungs in the Turtle, form-
ing a network still more regular than in the human subject ;
attached to red paper.
No. 71. #. The human Heart, with the Absorbents of the right
and left ventricles injected with quicksilver ; the trunk of the right
ventricle goes over the arch of the aorta on the forepart, passes
between the two carotids, and gets into glands between trachea
and arch of the aorta ; the trunk of the left ventricle passes under
pulmonary artery behind arch of aorta, to the same glands; and
thence large vessels go either to the right or left subclavians,
having joined the absorbents of the lungs.
No. 73. s. A small portion of the Heart ; the Absorbents
filled with quicksilver, ramifying to great minuteness : to show
numbers.
ABSORBENTS,
237
No. 74. s. One of the largest, and most perfect Thoracic Ducts,
perhaps, ever injected : it is filled with quicksilver ; is about six-
teen inches long; in many places larger than a goose quill,
smaller about the middle, where for an inch or two it is double,
forming an island ; it begins by three trunks, one from each leg,
and one from the mesentery ; the largest trunk lies under aorta, a
little above its bifurcation into the iliacs, and is as thick as one’s
little finger; this trunk belongs to the left leg; the trunk from
the right is smaller, but appears previously to have united with
the last lower down ; that from the mesentery is nearly as large
as a goose quill; the duct also enlarges above the middle, and
splits into several branches before it terminates in the angle
between jugular and left subclavian : these veins are filled with
green wax, which appears evidently to have been prevented from
entering the duct by a pair of valves at the mouth of the duct ;
so that the quicksilver of the duct terminates in a wedge-likJ
edge passing between the distended valves.
No. 75. t. The Spine of a Child at birth, arteries injected red;
along the spine is seen Thoracic Duct injected with quicksilver, and
terminating by two branches in the right subclavian instead of the
left: the tallowy injection thrown into the arteries and veins,
had got into^ the thoracic duct, having dropt the colour ; this was
melted out in hot water, and quicksilver thrown into the duct in
its stead.
No. 76. t. The Thoracic duct in the Cat, filled with quick-
silver, lying on the Spine, and terminating both in right and left
subclavians, but chiefly in the left ; it appears triple all the way
instead of single as in men; the valves in that branch, which goes
towards the right, are exceedingly distinct and numerous.
No. 77. 5. Thoracic duct in a Dog, filled with red wax • the
begnining is very large ; below the middle it becomes double
after which it is not much larger than a crow quill ; it then en-
larges as it comes near its termination, and is seen terminating
in the jugular vein, where a bristle points to a valve which cover's
its entrance, and prevents the blood in violent efforts from goiiiff
that way, instead of going to the heart.
No. 78. t. Not numbered, nor described.
238
GRAVID UTERUS.
GRAVID UTERUS. R. R.
No. 6.5. A transverse section through the thickness of the
Uterus, at the ninth month; macerated in water and a little
spread out, to show substance of uterus principally vessels, and
now that it is a little unravelled two or three inches thick.
No. 8. s. A section transversely through the substance of
Uterus, some days after delivery, when it had contracted to a
fifth of its former size; the sides are now about two inches thick,
and the cavity an inch broad, and seven-eighths from before to
behind : this section was a little above the cervix.
No. 7. s. Another portion Ditto ; section longitudinal : shows
ditto. [Marked on glass No. 9> to description of which it does
not correspond.]
No. 10. s. The Uterus much contracted after delivery; boiled
and unravelled, to show its muscular fibres.
No. 11.5. Two portions of the Uterus at birth, in the centre
of which are seen the orifices of the Fallopian tubes coming into
the cavity of uterus, and round these orifices, for four or five
inches, are seen the muscular fibres in packets, forming vortices
or concentric circles.
No. 12.5. A portion of Ditto, near the cervix; the fasciculi of
muscular fibres appear parallel, and forming circles parallel to os
tincse.
No. 13.5. Ditto ; shows the same as one of the portions in No. 1 1 .
No. 14. 5. Fundus Uteri contracted after delivery a few days :
inverted ; shows muscular fibres concentric to and around the
orifices of the Fallopian tubes, and nearer the middle concentric to
the cavity of the uterus: a portion of decidua still adheres.
No. 15. 5. The same portion as No. 13, shows ditto; the veins
have been injected yellow.
No. 16.5. The whole Gravid Uterus, at the ninth month,
turned inside out, to show its muscular fibres. (The one engraved.
See Anatomy of Gravid Uterus, Plate VI. figg. U 3).
GRAVID UTERUS.
239
No. 17. s. One side of Gravid Uterus, also at the ninth
month ; arteries injected red, veins yellow, to show vascularity
from without ; the placenta is left adhering, and has its cells in-
jected from the uterus.
No. 18. s. Ditto, arteries red, veins green; shows ditto;
veins four or five times the size of the arteries.
No. 19. s. The Spermatic and Hypogastric arteries and veins,
injected on the Gravid Uterus upon one side; the former red,
the latter yellow: very fine.
No. 20. s. The other side of Ditto ; the trunk of the vein
almost ten times the size of the artery.
No. 21. s. One side of the Gravid Uterus at the sixth month,
with placenta adhering : the red injection returned by the veins
of the Mother from the hypogastric artery; not a drop got into-
the cord, though the uterus was exceedingly red ; the cord was
afterwards injected white and black.
No. 22. s. The other half of Ditto, shows also great vascularity.
No. 23. 5. A portion of another Uterus equally highly iniected
red; shows ditto. . J J
No. 25. 5. 26. Portions of another Gravid Uterus, the ar-
teries injected red, the veins yellow; shows ditto.
No. 26. a. Portion of Gravid Uterus with Ovarium and
Fallopian Tube, highly injected red; surface of uterus partially
covered by decidua, which is likewise seen injected from the
vessels of the uterus. (Not described, nor numbered).
No. 27. 5. An inverted Gravid Uterus, at the ninth month
arteries injected red, the veins yellow ; there are large venal
orifices on the inside surface, which were torn through in separa-
ting the placenta ; the arteries no where form villi, but pretty
coarse branches which are also seen torn through, by the sides of
the torn veins ; the whole is exceedingly vascular.
No. 28.5. An Uterus turned inside out: shows a downy irregu-
lar surface; the place where placenta adhered, rougher than any
other, and remarkable for broken orifices and veins plugged with
coagulated blood.
240
GRAVID UTERUS.
No. 30. s. Another Ditto, but at the sixth month apparently ;
placenta seems to have adhered to the fundus uteri.
No. 31. 5. A portion of Uterus at the place where placenta
adhered ; the orifices of the torn veins full of large plugs of coag-
ulated blood: very remarkable.
No. 33. s. A portion of Uterus, in which the arteries had been
injected red, the veins yellow; shows inside surface, and the torn
orifices of the veins filled with the yellow injection.
No. 34. s. Ditto ; shows ditto.
No. 35r s. Os Tincse from the Gravid Uterus, at the ninth
mouth.
No. 36. s. Ditto, ditto; it projects a little way into vagina:
bristles are introduced into the follicles, which secrete the gel-
atinous fluid which blocks up the cervix : in this, and in the pre-
ceding prepartion, cervix is seen on the posterior side.
No 37. s. A portion of Uterus, at the ninth month; shows a
portion of os tincse, cervix uteri, and vagina : in a lateral view the
cervix (?) thinner by one-sixth than the os tincse. (V. MSS.)
No. 38. s. A beautiful Cervix Uteri, shows the rugae pennatae
well, and the follicles of os tincae passing some way up the cervix.
No. 40. s. A side view of Cervix Uteri, in its shut state; also of
vagina and bladder; the gelly also seen filling up the lower part:
from the gravid uterus at nine months.
No. 43. s. An Ovarium, and Fallopian Tube, with a portion of
Gravid Uterus adhering ; the tube is distended with spirits, and
is larger at the end next ovarium than the barrel of a writing pen ;
ovarium slit open, shows corpus luteum very large, as big as a
hazel nut, with cavity nearly as large, so that the sides are very
thin.
No. 44. 5. Ditto; cavity not half so large, and the side of
corpus luteum pretty thick, and its substance radiated round this
cavity.
No. 45. s. Ditto ; cavity of corpus luteum still less, and the
sides in proportion thicker: a bristle is introduced into the Fallo-
pian tube, at the end next the uterus; its orifice there would
admit a fine probe.
GRAVID UTERUS.
241
No. 46. 5. Ditto: Fallopian Tube slit up its whole length, and
thrown into longitudinal rugae on its internal surface ; a bristle
in both orifices : corpus luteum also slit open, and a bristle in an
orifice apparently leading into its cavity, which is here less, as is
the whole bulk of its body.
No. 48. s. A section of Corpus Luteum, highly injected red ;
the cavity is white and carries no vessels apparently, but the sur-
rounding glandular substance is as vascular as any thing in the
body ; at some little distance, are seen the remains of a former
corpus luteum, in which the glandular substance is lost, and the
mere cavity remains.
No. 51. s. Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium; the latter slit open
shows a pretty large corpus luteum, with a very small cavity.
No. 52. s. Ditto ; from a woman who died undelivered, (at
Knightsbridge); she died of her third child: ovarium is slit open;
there are three corpora lutea, one recent, and two old ones ; the
first has a very large cavity.
No. 52. a. 5. An Uterus from the dissecting-room, slit open;
the internal surface of uterus is rough; the ovaria slit open show
also on one side a large corpus luteum, and on the other the re-
mains of three or four former ones : from these circumstances,
we concluded the woman had formerly had children, and was at
the time she died impregnated.
No. 53. s. Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium injected red; ovarium
slit open, very vascular, as is corpus luteum, which is not larger
than a small pea, and has a pretty large cavity.
No. 54. s. Ditto; two corpora lutea, but both small, in
ovarium slit open.
No. 55. s. Ditto; corpus luteum, with little or no cavity slit
open. ^
No. 55. a.s. Fallopian Tube filled with spirits, to show its size ;
ovarium slit open shows a small corpus luteum, with a coiisidera-
GRAVID UTERUS,
242
No. 55. &. s. Ditto, shows ditto; corpus luteuni very largo,
but no apparent cavity or orifice.
No. 56. s. Ditto of one side, with both Ovaria; in the upper-
most, is seen corpus luteuin entire, like a small pea, separated
nearly from its bed ; there seem to be the remains of one in the
under ovarium.
No. 57. s. Ditto and Ovarium, at birth; corpus luteum
large, its cavity triangular.
No. 58. s. Ovarium slit open; injected red: shows a small
corpus luteum, with little or no cavity.
No. 59.5. Corpus Luteum and Fallopian Tube, from the Cow;
in spirit of sea salt, with distilled water : it appears rather dissol-
ving, but shows corpus luteum three or four times larger than the
human, of a deep yellow colour, and with a small cavity ; its sub-
stance also radiated round the cavity.
No. 6l. s. Another Ditto, entire, slit open.
No. 62. 5. Ditto injected red; corpus luteum very vascular,
and the cavity somewhat triangular and narrow.
No. 63.5. Ditto uninjected: corpus luteum divided into dif-
ferent sections, to show texture ; a bristle also points to an appar-
ent orifice.
No. 64. s. A Child at birth, enclosed in its amnion, with its
placenta; giving an idea of an entire human ovum.
No. 65. 5. Another Ditto; the vessels of placenta unravelled,
and hanging loose and floating.
No. 66. 5. Ditto, exceedingly perfect : chorion also adhering,
but removed at one part to show amnion more transparent under-
neath, and foetus more distinct under it.
No. 67. a. Ditto, at full time or nearly so.
No. 68.5. Uterus, at birth, opened on one side, and twins seen
in situ bent in such a posture, as to take up as little room as
possible.
No. 70. b. Section of substance of Gravid Uterus, imperfectly
injected. (Not described).
GllAVID UTICIIUS.
243
No. 78. s. A Navel-string coiled up in a bottle with spirits,
after the vessels had been injected with coarse wax.
No. 79* t. Ditto injected with quicksilver; coiled round a
thick piece of wood.
No. 80. s. Ditto inflated, and dried; to show convolutions on
the artery resembling knots, at one end.
No. 81. s. The lower half of a Foetus, at four months; abdo-
men opened shows the bladder turgid with quicksilver, to prove
that urachus is impervious ; in the place of the urachus, a liga-
ment is seen dissected off from between the arteries; this is con-
tinued all the way to the placenta.
No. 82. s. A portion of the Cord spread open, to show this
ligamentary substitute of urachus in its centre.
No. 84. s. A very large Placenta, injected red; showing its
size, and on the under side its lobulated appearance.
No. 85. s. Ditto, very beautiful; arteries red, and veins yellow,
injected with, yolks of eggs.
No. 86. s. Ditto, injected also with yolks of eggs ; the vessels
thence more rounded and full ; the arteries red, the veins green
from verdigris.
No. 87. t. A portion of Placenta.
No. 87. a. s. A Placenta, of which both the arteries and veins
are beautifully injected with mercury. (Not described).
No. 87. b. d. Ditto, dry, and in a glass frame ; injected j’^ellow
from the vein, and red from the arteries. (Not described).
No. 88. J. A whole Placenta, injected: artery red, and vein
yellow ; there appears to be one artery only ; the lobuli of the
placenta, on the side that adheres to the uterus, are very well
marked.
No. 88. a. s. A section of Gravid Uterus, the arteries injected
red, and the veins yellow; two convoluting small arteries can be
seen, on the inner surface; and the veins can be seen ending in
nodules, where they lost themselves in the cells of the placenta.
“214
GllAVll) UTERUS.
No. 89* s. A section of an Uterus, apparently about five months
pregnant, where placenta is left adhering ; the opaque membrane
of decidua is very well seen at one part detached, and its termi-
nation at the beginning of the cervix; and behind it there is a
distinct view of the muscular fibres of the uterus: the child is
above the uterus, by which the preparation is suspended.
No. 90. s. An Uterus at full time, cut open and inverted: in
some places the muscular fibres are nearly bare, in other places
portions of the membranes are left adhering ; there is an uncom-
mon roughness at one part, where the placenta had adhered.
No. 91-5. An Ovum, where there had been twins; one child
only remains, apparently near the full time, but blasted and
shrunk.
No. 92. s, A section of an Uterus, where may be seen imme-
diately above os tincse an oblique rupture two inches in length :
the placenta had been adhering over os tincae, and there is the
appearance still of there having been considerable haemorrhage.
No. 93. s. A Male Child not, apparently, at full time; injected
green : the head and abdomen had been opened, but they are
now sewed up.
No. 94. s. Apparently, the Amnios of a Quadruped having its
vessels filled with mercury ; it is kept distended by spirits.
No. 96. s. A portion of a Placenta, and its membranes: on the
surface which adhered to the uterus, may be seen some very small
curling arteries injected red, and veins injected black which aVe
going to the cells of the placenta.
No. 97. s. A section of Placenta, highly injected from the navel
string: showing its vascularity; and showing, besides, the amnios,
chorion, and decidua.
No. 97. a.s. Ditto; a portion of the same.
No. 98.5. Ditto; a section probably of the same placenta.
No. 98. a. s. Ditto, similar.
GIUVID UTEIIUS.
•245
No. 99.5* An Ovum, apparently between the fourth and fifth
month j the membranes are nearly entire ; uninjected.
No. 100. s. A small section of Placenta, with part of the mem-
branes : the cells of the placenta have been filled from the veins
of the uterus, or vice versa ; the cells are not very bare ; on the
side which adhered to the uterus, the veins may be seen very
distinctly.
No. 101. s. A section of Uterus, where the veins are injected
black, and the injection is protruding by irregular plugs into the
cavity of the uterus.
No. 102. s. A part of an Uterus injected black; the membranes
on the inside are detached in part : the amnios and chorion are
not injected, but the decidua is, proving it to belong to the uterus.
No. 103. s. A section of Uterus injected by veins a dark green ;
the veins are very large, and on the inside there is a breaking
off of the injection and large orifices, where the veins were rup-
tured and had passed to the placenta.
No. 104.5. An half of an Uterus not at full time; where on the
outside may be seen a small rounded tumour near the origin of one
of the Fallopian tubes ; and on the inside the membranes partly
adhering, the cervix uteri not at all enlarged, and at os tincse a
cluster of follicles filled with jelly, giving an ii'regularity to the
surface of os tincae.
No. 105. 5. A section of an Uterus injected red with fine injec-
tion, and inverted; it seems to have been previously dried: on
the inside may be seen lying over bristles, irregular fasciculi of
muscular fibres, the fibrous appearance of which is very dis-
tinct.
No. 106. s. A section of Uterus, with membranes partly turned
down, and showing a double layer of decidua.
No. 107.5. A section of Ditto; probably from the same Uterus:
where, however, one lamina of decidua is left entirely adhering;
but the preparation in every other respect resembles No. 106.
No. 107. «• 5- Not described-
GRAVID UTERUS.
24()
No. 108. s. A section of Uterus injected black, and red; where
the decidua is turned down, and in part also injected: showing
the same circumstance as No. 102.
No. 109. s. A portion of Decidua dried, with some vessels
running on it filled with coagulated blood.
No. 110.5. Cervix Uteri, and Os Tinca3 from an Uterus at full
time of pregnancy, after it had somewhat contracted itself ; os
tincse appears twice larger than in the unimpregnated uterus,
being fully half an inch in length.
No. 111.5. A section of an Uterus, with Placenta adhering,
showing difference of structure, and comparative thickness of
each: the veins of the uterus are seen very large and numerous.
No. 112. 5. A portion of Placenta very highly injected, and un-
ravelled, appearing to be a beautiful shag of vessels.
No. 113.5. A Fallopian Tube and Ovarium laid open, showing
the fimbriae continued to the ovarium, and showing some very
obscure appearance of a corpus luteum.
No. 114. 5. A Fallopian Tube, and Ovarium : in the centre of
the ovarium there is a very distinct corpus luteum, having a large
cavity which contains some white coagulated matter.
No. 1 15. 5. A section of an Uterus, most probably the same with
No. 104: showing on the outside, a tumour apparently schirrous;
and on the inside, the membranes reaching down only as far as
cervix uteri, and os tincse studded with follicles full of jelly.
No. 116. 5. A portion of Uterus, with two laminae turned down,
the one of decidua, the other of chorion.
No. 1 17. 5. A portion of Uterus, including the cervix; showing
five or six different laminae of decidua, besides amnion, and chorion.
No. 118. 5. A section of Uterus, with Placenta partly adhering,
and partly detached, showing in the angle the mode of adhesion.
No. 119. 5. A Cervix Uteri at nine months; laid open, showing
a different structure from what is found in an unimpregnated
uterus.
GRAVID UTERUS.
•247
No. 120. s. An impregnated Uterus, laid open, apparently near
the sixth month ; showing the Placenta adhering, and going to be
converted into Hydatids ; and at the bottom of the bottle a
foetus : on the other side of the uterus there remains a portion of
the bladder, showing the opening of the ureters and beginning of
urethra.
No. 121. A section of an Uterus, with Placenta detached from
os tincse, to which it had adhered; it had probably been separ-
ated, by the dilatation of cervix and os uteri during labour, occa-
sioning a rupture of vessels and hemorrhage, which is frequently,
and was most likely in this case, fatal.
No. 122. 5. A section of Uterus about the sixth month : showing
the placenta and membranes adhering ; the different structure of
the placenta from the uterus; but, especially, that the cervix uteri
does not contain any part of the ovum, but is as narrow and con-
tracted as in the unimpregnated uterus,
^ No. 123. s. A section of the same Uterus, showing the same
circumstances, together with the foetus attached to the placenta
by the navel-string.
No. 124. 5. A small portion of Placenta and Uterus, where the
cells of placenta have been injected from the veins of the uterus ;
the veins are seen very large, entering into the substance of tlm
placenta: injection green.
No. 124. a. s. Ditto, showing ditto.
No 125. s. Another section of Ditto: showing ditto; and
especally two corresponding veins, which were passing from
the n^erus to the placenta, and ruptnred by the placenta beino-
No. 126. ». A section of Uterus and Placenta, not injected,
where some vessels have been traced by bristles from the uterns
into the placenta.
No. 127. s. A section of Uterus and Placenta, where the vessels
iectod norha
jected, nor has any injection passed into the uterus.
GRAVID UTERUS.
•>48
No. 128. ir. A section of the Uterus, with its vessels injected
black, which are very large and project upon the inside, where
they were continued into the substance of the placenta.
No. 129.S. A longitudinal section of Uterus, appearing thicker
and denser in its substance than the gravid uterus commonly
is; the vessels also upon the whole are considerably smaller,
and fewer in number than they are generally met with ; upon the
inside the decidua is adhering, in some parts hanging down rag-
ged.
No. 130. s. A section of Uterus and Placenta, where the veins
are filled with a blackish injection, and the cells of the placenta
with the same injection; the vessels of the navel-string are also
filled with a black injection, which had better been omitted, as
the preparation would have been more distinct.
No. 131. s. A portion of Uterus about the sixth month, the
arteries and veins being injected of different colours; on its in-
side the decidua appears an opaque porous membrane, distin-
guishable from every other membrane in the body, and resem-
bling somewhat a fine lace; the cervix uteri is altered from its
common appearance in the unimpregnated uterus, its pyriform ap-
pearance being rendered very indistinct.
No. 134. s. An Uterus at a very early period of pregnancy, with
the cervix blocked up by jelly.
No. 135. s. A section of Uterus, with amnios, chorion, and de-
cidua partly detached.
No. 1 36. s. Ditto.
No. 137. s. Ditto; decidua injected from the vessels of the
uterus.
No. 138. 5. A Foetus about the sixth month, seen through the
amnios.
No. 139. 5. An Ovum; the decidua being removed at one part,
shows amnios and chorion surrounding the Foetus: the whole is
now obscured: about the fifth month of pregnancy.
GUAVIJ) UTERUS.
•249
No. 140. s. A portion of Placenta and Membranes injected ;
showing thickness, &c.
No. 140. a. s. Ditto ; showing ditto.
No. 141.5. Ditto; a larger section, with a portion of navel-string.
No. 142.5. A Placenta unravelled, without injection.
No. 144.5. A portion of Placenta injected black: some veins
may be seen injected green, which are entering into the substance
of placenta.
No. 145.5. A portion of Uterus, with placenta adhering, injected
red : the cells of the placenta are injected from the uterus.
No. 146.5. Ditto : a section of the same.
No. 147. 5. A portion of Placenta, with the cells filled appar-
ently with fine injection of a red colour; less distinct than when
coarse injection is employed: the vessels of the navel-string are
quite empty, although the injection of the cells had been very
minute, proving no communication.
No. 147. a. 5. Another portion of Ditto.
No. 148. t. A portion of Placenta, injected red and black; har-
dened, and in oil of turpentine.
No. 149. t. A portion of Uterus and Placenta; the arteries in-
jected of a dark colour, and veins green : both vessels are seen
entering into the substance of the placenta.
No. 150. t. A portion of Placenta, with the cells injected of dif-
ferent colours.
No. 151. t Ditto; vessels of Navel-string empty.
No. 152. t. Ditto; the two colours very distinct.
No. 153. t. A section of Placenta; at present very obscure:
there is an appearance of the vessels of the uterus green and red,'
entering into the substance of placenta. *
2 I
250
GRAVID UTERUS,
No. 154.5. A small section of Placenta adhering to uterus;
showing different structure, &c., so often already shown.
No. 155. $. A Placenta injected red, and beautifully unravelled.
No. 156. t. A portion of Placenta, vessels injected green; at one
part the cells are injected, although not from the vessels of the
navel-string.
No. 157.5. A portion of Uterus and Vagina, vessels injected
green : the vessels of vagina are enlarged, as well as those of
uterus.
No. 158. t- A portion of Uterus and Placenta; the placenta
being partly detached, showing veins injected green from the
uterus going into the posterior surface of placenta: the placenta
itself injected with a different injection.
No. 159* s. A whole Placenta injected red and yellow, with a
portion of the membranes preserved.
No. 159. «• t. A portion of Placenta injected green, and
having its cells filled with red injection, probably from vessels of
uterus. (Not described).
No 159. b- t- A portion of Plecenta injected, but not min-
utely, red and white, and partially unravelled. (Not described,
nor numbered)'
No. 160. 5. A Placenta injected from the navel-string red,
to great minuteness, and most entirely unravelled, showing a
most beautiful shag of vessels: it has been hardened by spirits of
wine, probably, and put into oil of turpentine.
No. 162. 5. A Placenta : the arteries injected of a lake colour,
and the large branches of the vein white ; and unravelled, although
not very completely.
No. 163.5. Placenta injected black; being partly unravelled,
and the decidua partly adhering, giving it a motley appearance.
No. 164. 5. A Placenta most entirely unravelled, injected
brown and white; looking somewhat like dried grass.
GRAVID UTERUS,
•251
No. 165. s. t. A Placenta injected^black and red ; and in somo
places there is no injection, from small lobules being tied by a
ligature before the injection: the whole has a varied motley ap-
pearance.
No. 166, s. A portion of Placenta adhering to Fundus Uteri,
not injected : the ovarium is slit open, showing a corpus luteum
with an evident cavity near its centre.
No. 167. s. t. A Section of Placenta, with its cells injected
black and red.
No. 167. a. s. t. Ditto ; a section of the same.
No. 168. s. t. A very small portion of Placenta, injected red
to great minuteness, and put into oil of turpentine.
No, 169. s. t. A portion of Uterus, with Placenta adhering; the
vessels of the uterus injected red and black: the cells of the pla-
centa are filled with a different injection, and therefore not from
the vessels of the uterus, but must have been previously filled
from the spongy substance of the placenta itself.
No. 170. s. A portion of Uterus, showing membranes partly
detached, and an ovarium larger than common, with a very large
corpus luteum having no cavity : one half of the corpus luteum
is subdivided by a cut nearly through the whole of it.
No. 171. s. A portion of Uterus injected of a black and lake
colour : decidua is partly detached, showing two laminae, one
injected and the other not.
No. 172. s. A small portion of Placenta, with the vessels of
the navel-string injected black and red, but not unravelled.
No. 1/3. 1$. A portion of Uterus, with the membranes partly
detached.
No. 174. 5. Ditto, injected green and red.
No. 1 75. s. Ditto, injected red.
No. 176. s. Section of Uterus, with Placenta adhering; the
cells of the placenta are injected red from the vessels of the uterus.
252
GRAVID UTERUS.
No. 177.5. A small portion of Uterus injected red; showing
distinctly muscular fibres.
No. 178. 5. A small section of Uterus, with the veins injected
green, and broken off when they were entering into the placenta.
No. 179.5. A very small portion of Placenta, and membranes;
the cells injected red, and some vessels from the uterus seen
behind, passing towards the placenta.
No. 180. 5. An Uterus about the fourth month; the veins in-
jected black, and the arteries red : they may both be seen pro-
jecting inwards as they were going to the cells of the placenta.
No. 181.5. The Placenta taken out from the last No.; its cells
are fully injected, but not a particle of injection has got into the
vessels of the navel-string: the child and navel-string may be
seen through the transparent amnion.
No. 182. 5. An Uterus between the third and fourth month; the
vessels of the substance of the uterus are injected, and the injec-
tion has passed into the cells of the placenta, but none into the
navel-string or child : the placenta is allowed to adhere, except at
one part of the edge; the decidua is removed; and the child is
seen through the amnion with its head pressing against cervix
uteri.
No. 183. 5. A longitudinal narrow section of an Uterus, with
Placenta adhering : the veins appear to be filled with a yellowish
injection, but none of the injection seems to have reached the
placenta.
No. 184. 5. Ditto: a section of the same.
No. 185. 5. One half of a Gravid Uterus, with Decidua adher-
ing; and at the side, not far from the cervix uteri, a rounded schir-
rous mass, which might impede the full contraction of the uterus.
No. 186.5. The other half of Ditto: the inner surface of Uterus
very ragged.
No. 187. 5. A Section of Uterus, with Placenta adhering ; not
far from os tincaj there is an appearance of some coagulated
GKAVID UTERUS.
253
blood, where vessels had been ruptured in the detachment of that
part of the placenta ; on the other side a portion of the bladder
is left adhering.
No. 189.5. A longitudinal section of Uterus, with Placenta ad-
hering; about the fourth month: the child is also seen with a
pretty long navel-string between it and the placenta ; the whole
is uninjected.
No. 190. s. The remaining portion of Ditto.
No. 191.5. An Uterus, with an uncommonly rough surface of
adhesion with the placenta, which has been separated.
No. 192.5. A Child enclosed in the amnion; about the sixth
month.
No. 193. 5. An Uterus, about the fourth month; most minutely
and beautifully injected : a considerable portion is cut oflF from
the side of the uterus, and decidua is likewise removed, to look
upon the foetus through the transparent membranes : the foetus
is not at all injected, although the uterus has been injected very
minutely : the cavity where the foetus lies, is kept distended bv
spirits.
No. 194. s. A portion of Placenta injected red to considerable
minuteness, and partly unravelled.
No. 195. 5. Ditto, a smaller portion.
0. 196. 5. A Foetus, about the sixth month.
No. 197. 5. Ditto, about seventh month; with its head down-
wards, and coiled together, resembling a child in the common
situation in utero.
No. 198. 5. An Ovum very young, (perhaps two weeks), where
shaggy vessels arise every where from the outside of chorion, and
there is no particular appearance of the part which is afterwards
to become placenta.
No. 199. 5. Ditto, opened; a little larger: no appearance of
f(X3tUS.
254
GRAVID UTERUS.
No. 201. An Ovum older than No. 198.
No. 202. s. Ditto.
No. 204. s. Ditto, perhaps a little older, where the shaggy vessels
have been absorbed every where (?) but where they are to form
placenta, exhibiting, except at one place, the smooth surface of
chorion.
No. 205. s. Ditto, where this process is just beginning, showing
a small spot of smooth chorion.
No. 206. s. Ditto, more of smooth chorion appearing, and the
shaggy vessels more condensed, so as to resemble more the sub-
stance of placenta.
No. 207.5. Ditto laid open, where a Fcetus may be seen; it is
an oblong body, enlarged at one extremity where the head is,
which is at this period much larger than afterwards in proportion
to the bulk of the body; and there is scarce any appearance of
the upper and lower extremities: there is as yet no appearance
of navel-string, the ovum being about a month old, but the child
adheres closely to the membranes: there is a considerable bag
seen adhering to the chorion called vesicula umbilicalis, which
towards full time degenerates into a white opaque spot or dis-
appears entirely.
No. 208. 5. Ditto, farther advanced, perhaps about six weeks: the
child is seen suspended transversely, consisting of two ovals nearly
equal to each other, viz., the head, and the rest of the body; the
upper and lower extremities are very little advanced, projecting
as two buds from the body.
No. 209« s. An Ovum, as large as the former although not so
far advanced, showing shaggy vessels of chorion except at one
part of it.
No. 210. s. Ditto larger than the former, and more of the
chorion smooth.
No. 211. s. Ditto, and where the child may be seen obscurely
through the smooth part of chorion.
GKAVID UTERUS.
255
No. 212.5. Ditto considerably earlier, but chorion becoming at
one part smooth.
No. 213. s. Ditto, about six weeks: part of chorion is removed,
showing amnion immediately surrounding foetus; and a small
vesicle, with a very thin thread running from it between amnion
and chorion, which is called vesicula umbilicalis.
No. 214. s. An Ovum, showing particularly Decidua Reflexa :
which is a layer of decidua covering the projection of chorion;
into which a rounded opening has been made: two bristles point
out, also, the openings in decidua at the beginning of the two
Fallopian tubes, and at the cervix uteri.
No. 215.5. Ditto, with a larger opening, showing more distinctly
the angle of reflexion between decidua vera and decidua reflexa:
the decidua is very well seen to be a porous opaque membrane.
No. 217.5. Ditto, the Child hanging out of the cavity; showing
the navel-string about an inch long, not twisted, the vessels small
in proportion to the investing membranes without the interposi-
tion of jelly, and the smallest part of the cord where it joins the
placenta.
No. 218. 5. An Ovum, like many formerly described ; and show-
ing particularly the amnion, chorion, and decidua separated from
each other.
No. 219. s. Ditto, decidua in part being separated from it;
showing how that membrane envelopes the ovum.
No. 220. 5. An entire Ovum, considerably advanced, perhaps
about three months.
No, 221. 5. A Miscarriage; the whole being altered from the
natural appearance, and itsparieles being formed into a dense firm
substance, by the extravasation of blood which had coagulated
and remained in the uterus for some time.
No. 222. 5. A white opaque spot called Vesicula Alba, into which
vesicula umbilicalis formerly described has degenerated.
No. 223. 5. Ditto.
GIUVIl) UTERUS.
OoC
No, 224. t. An Ovum, with the shaggy vessels of chorion, in-
jected red to great minuteness; hardened, and put into oil of
turpentine.
No. 224. a. t. Not numbered, nor described.
No. 225. s. Three Ova of different sizes, with shaggy vessels
injected to great minuteness.
No. 226. s. A Child about eight weeks, showing the large pro-
portion of the size of the head at this period, and the extremities
comparatively small.
No. 227. s. A Miscarriage, very young, that had remained some-
time in the cavity of uterus before expulsion.
No. 228. s. An Ovum, showing child at a very early period, and
particularly vesicula alba.
No. 229.5. Apparently two Ova, stuck on blue paper, and at a
very early period.
No. 230. s. An Ovum: showing particulars of the relative
growth of the parts of the Child, at an early period; but par-
ticularly the navel-string untwisted, and without jelly.
No. 231. s. An Ovum, showing cavity where the Child is con-
tained ; but the child does not remain.
No. 232. s. Ditto, its cavity being kept distended by a card.
No. 233. s. Ditto, the Amnion and Chorion being separated
from each other.
No. 234. s. A Miscarriage, dead sometime before its expulsion
from the womb; thickened by coagulated blood, and on the inside
tuberculated.
No. 235 s. An Ovum; cavity exposed, but no child.
No, 236. s. A longitudinal section of an Ovum, about seven
weeks ; showing navel-string very short, and being little else than
an empty bag of membrane, which ends In a small thread con-
tinued to the placenta.
GRAVID UTERUS.
257
No. 236. a. s. The remaining portion of Ditto.
No. 237. s. A Child, without the membranes; showing a similar
navel-string.
No. 238. An Ovum, very early, and the shaggy vessels very few.
^ No. 239. s. An Ovum laid open, showing the membranes;
child removed, but a portion of navel-string remaining.
No. 240. An Ovum considerably advanced; the decidua being
in part removed, discovers the shaggy vessels of the chorion:
but the preparation is a good deal torn, probably from the fre-
quent motion of the bottle.
No. 241. s. An Ovum ; the shaggy vessels being very few and
distinct, and the vesicula alba very apparent.
No. 242. s. An Ovum about seven weeks, unopened.
No. 243. s. Ditto ; cavity opened, showing a very small foetus.
No. 244. s. Ditto ; amnion and chorion separated, and decidua
removed.
No. 245. s. A portion of a very considerable Ovum ; mem-
branes separated, but no child preserved.
No. 246. s. A Miscamage, that remained sometime in utero
after it had become dead ; being thickened, and tuberculated.
No. 247. s. Ditto ; the coagulated blood at the lower part
being very distinct, putting on somewhat a recent appearance.
No. 248. s. Two Miscarriages; thickened, and tuberculated.
No. 249. s. An Ovum between two and three months; there
being an opening into the cavity for containing the child, which is
kept open by a bristle.
No. 250. An Ovum at a very early period; the chorion
partly having become smooth : unopened.
2 K
258
GRAVID UTERUS.
No. 251. s. A Child about six weeks, with part of amnion
preserved, and a very distinct vesicula alba.
No. 252. s. An Ovum, considerably advanced ; with decidua
almost entirely removed, discovering the shaggy vessels of cho-
rion: the child is not remaining, but there is hanging down a con-
siderable portion of navel-string.
No. 253. s. An Ovum, showing particularly decidua, the two
apertures at the beginning of the Fallopian tubes, and another at
cervix uteri.
No. 254. s. A longitudinal section of an Ovum considerably
advanced, showing its cavity, but no child preserved.
No. 255. s. An Ovum, at an early period, perhaps three or
four weeks.
No. 256. s. A portion of Decidua, showing it to be a pretty
thick, opaque, porous membrane, in some places perforated by small
foramina.
No. 257- s. A Miscarriage about two months; substance con-
densed, and recently coagulated blood appearing on the outside.
No. 258. s. Ditto : a large quantity of coagulated blood ; no
child appearing.
No. 259. A longitudinal section of Ditto, the membranes
somewhat separated.
No. 260. s. Ditto tuberculated, and child suspended by an inch
of funis.
No. 261. s. Ditto, no child.
No. 262. s. Ditto ; child preserved, near two months advanced.
No. 263. s. Ditto, younger.
No. 264. s. Two Miscarriages, about the sixth month.
No. 268. s. A Miscarriage, about six weeks; not very entire:
cavity very large in proportion to size of foetus, which is always
the case in the earlier months of pregnancy.
GKAVID UTERUS.
259
No. 269» s, A Miscarriage,. about seven weeks.
No 270. s. An Uterus laid open, about eight weeks pregnant ;
showing the ovum entirely confined to fundus uteri ; the decidua
vera, and reflexa ; and the opening towards cervix kept stretched
by bristles, which would be made by the child in passing from the
uterus, but now has been made artificially.
No. 271. s. An Ovum cut open; showing the rudiments of a
foetus contained in amnion, exceedingly small : perhaps about four
weeks.
No. 272. s. An entire Ovum, about seven weeks.
No. 273. s. A Foetus and Placenta, between two and three
months; the navel-string is considerably long at this period, and
may be seen at one place knotted.
No. 274. s. Ditto, near three months.
No. 276. s. An Ovum laid open, about four or five weeks,
(earlier); showing child, navel-string, &c.
No. 277. S’ Ditto, still earlier.
No. 278. s. A Miscarriage, near three months; without the
child, but a portion of navel-string remaining.
No. 279- s. A portion of Ovum, about six weeks, with the foetus
apparently deformed.
No. 280. s. A portion of Chorion with its shaggy vessels, and
decidua seen behind.
No. 281. s. Chorion seen transparent, with a very few shaggy
vessels.
No. 283. s. Decidua pretty complete ; putting on the shape of
fundus uteri ; being an opaque, uneven, porous membrane.
No. 284. s. Ditto ; the inequalities still more strongly marked.
No. 285. s. Ditto more complete; resembling very much
No. 283.
260
(illAVIU UTKKUS.
No. 286. s. Ditto; a portion only: one part is tinged with
blood; the surface next the uterus is very ragged and unequal.
No. 287. s. A small portion of Decidua, behind chorion ; in-
jected red from the vessels of the uterus.
No. 288. s. A small portion of Decidua, not injected ; the am-
nion and chorion are partly detached, showing the opacity of
decidua better, from contrast with the two other membranes
which are transparent.
No. 289. s. A portion of Secundine ; showing the different
membranes, but not very distinct.
No. 290. s. An Ovum, at a very early period ; showing the
foetus in amnio, and a very large vesicula umbilicalis.
No. 291. s. An Ovum, about six weeks ; showing amnion, chor-
ion with its shaggy vessels, vesicula alba behind chorion [am-
nion?], a foetus, and an inch of navel-string : fixed to blue paper.
[Extra-uterine, see No. 367.]
No. 292. s. A Foetus, about two months, where all the parts are
formed, but do not keep the same proportion to each other as in
the adult ; the head is large in proportion, and the forehead pro-
jects very high above the eyes ; the eyes are at a great distance
from each other, and the nose lies obscure, not projecting much
from the general surface of the face ; the upper and lower ex-
tremities are small in proportion to the body; and there is almost
no appearance of buttocks, the lower extremities projecting at
once from the end of the trunk.
No. 293. s. Ditto, a little older.
No. 295. s. Ditto, younger.
No. 297. s. Ditto.
No. 298. s. Ditto ; head upwards.
•No. 299. s. Ditto, a little older; showing particularly the upper
and lower extremities, arising from the body like buds ; the arms
GRAVID UTERUS.
20 I
and thighs may be traced in their shape, still adhering to the body,
so as to make a part of it : suspended by the navel-string.
No. 300. 5. Ditto, a little farther advanced.
No. 301. s. Ditto, included in amnion.
No. 302. s. Ditto, about three months ; opened, so as to give
a general view of the thoracic and abdominal viscera : the liver
is much larger in proportion than in the adult, occupying more
than one half of the cavity of abdomen.
No. 303. s. Ditto, seemingly upwards of three months : (not
numbered, nor described).
No. 304. s. A Child and Placenta, a little more than three
months; the navel-string is of considerable length, and is con-
voluted.
No. 305. s. Child, little more than four months; extremities still
small in proportion: the preputium clitoridis projects much beyond
the labia, so as to give the appearance of a male, although it be a
female : the skin is removed from a part of the left leg, showing
the muscles.
No. 306. 5. Ditto male, about six and a-half months; skin
very black.
No. 307' s. Ditto ; part of cranium behind, and brain being
removed : female.
No. 308. s. Ditto, more advanced; white skin : male.
No. 308. a. 5. Ditto: (not numbered, nor described).
No. 309. s. Ditto.
No. 310. s. Ditto.
No. 311. 5. Ditto, probably at full time; integument from the
right half of the body taken off, showing the superficial muscles.
No. 312. 5. Ditto, about ten weeks; entire, hanging very awk-
wardly by the navel-string and right arm.
262
GlUVID UTERUS,
No. 313. s. Amnion and Chorion with two Cotyledons, from
the Cow; vessels injected, principally white.
No. 314. s. A portion of the Gravid Uterus from Ditto, injec-
ted ; showing the infantile part of the placenta partly separated
from the maternal, which arises from the uterus like a rounded
sponge, having irregular openings upon its surface to receive the
processes of the infantile part : the infantile part is highly injected
from the vessels of the navel-string.
No. 315. s. The infantile part highly injected, and separated
from the maternal; it looks a good deal like the unravelled hu-
man placenta, but consists more of separated bundles of vessels.
No. 316. s. Ditto ; the membranes also highly injected.
No. 317. s. Ditto; the separated bundles very distinct.
No. 319. t. Ditto: probably from a Sheep.
No. 320. s. A portion of Gravid Uterus from the Cow ; showing
the oval fungus of the maternal part of the placenta, resembling
in its surface pretty much a cauliflower. This and the foregoing
preparations show, that in many quadrupeds the maternal and in-
fantile parts of the placenta are quite distinct in structure from each
other, and may throw light on the human placenta, where there
is a more intimate [connection] between the foetal and maternal
portions.
No. 321. s. A portion of the Gravid Uterus from the Sheep;
showing a great number of Ditto.
No. 322. s. The Foetal portions seen inclosed in the Maternal,
the membranes from most of them having been torn oflF.
No. 323. t. A single one complete from Ditto, highly injected:
hardened, and in oil of turpentine.
No. 324. s. Ditto, the one portion separated from the other;
the foetal part not injected, although the uterus and maternal part
is high^ injected.
GRAVID UTERUS.
•263
No. 325. s. A portion of Uterus, with a perpendicular section
through three of Ditto, showing structure and connection.
No. 326. s. Ditto; some sections perpendicular, and others
transverse.
No. 327. s. Two horns of the Uterus laid open ; showing a pro-
digious number of cotyledons of different sizes: the ovarium laid
open exhibits sections of two corpora lutea, very much resem-
bling the corpora lutea in the human subject.
No. 328. Twohorns of a Gravid Uterus, where the cotyledons
are at pretty regular distances from each other, and are oblong
in their shape, forming belts on the inside, surrounding the cavities
of the horns: probably from the bitch.
No. 329. s. A portion of Gravid Uterus; showing one cbtelydom
and the inner membrane partly detached so as to look down upon
the substance of uterus : the inner membrane is perforated by a
prodigious number of small holes.
No. 330. s. Ditto, injected green ; the foetal portion being partly
detached from the maternal.
No. 332. s. A Puppy lying transversely, inclosed in amnion :
between amnion and chorion may be observed a double conical
membrane called Allantois, losing itself at each extremity in chorion ;
there is also seen a portion of the placenta which is tuberculated
in its surface and oblong in its shape; the placenta is in some
degree vascular from the uterus, and a membrane corresponding
to decidua is partly detached, also vascular.
No. 333. s. Ditto; Foetus not inclosed in amnion : the allantois
more distinct than in the former preparations.
No. 334. s. Ditto: amnion opened and abdomen opened, show-
ing omphalo-mesenteric vessels; decidua behind partly detached.
No. 335. s.^ Ditto: the last mentioned vessels seen injected; and
the placenta injected to great minuteness, both from foetus and
mother.
GRAVID UTERUS.
.‘?64
No. 336. 5. Ditto: the placenta vascular only from the mother ;
the foetus and amnion entire.
No. 337. 5. Placenta and Chorion entire ; the veins are injected,
and they may be seen beautifully ramifying on the chorion.
No. 338. s. A portion of Uterus, Placenta, and Membranes; the
internal surface of uterus is seen very vascular ; the placenta is
irregularly furrowed where it is in contact with the uterus; the
decidua may be seen resting partly on the uterus, and partly on
placenta: placenta is injected partly from the womb, and partly
by the navel-string; the navel-string injected red and white.
No. 339. s. An Amnion filled with spirits, and its vessels in-
jected with quicksilver.
No. 340.5. Ditto, larger; dried, and in oil of turpentine: the
vessels are most of them small, but are numerous, and form a
most beautiful network upon the membrane.
No. 341.5. A portion of Chorion from the Mare; with its
vessels injected white and red; and showing, on the side next the
uterus, an infinite number of small tubercles, consisting of shaggy
vessels, forming a bond of union between the chorion and the
uterus, and serving the purpose of placenta.
No. 342. 5. Apparently, a portion of Amnion from the Quad-
ruped; showing a number of opaque vessels, uninjected.
No. 343. 5. An Amnion moderately distended, and containing
a Puppy.
No. 344. 5. Amnion containing a young Calf : at tlie lower
part is a globule of mercury, to sink the preparation.
No. 345. 5, A young Puppy, with part of the abdomen at the
navel laid open.
No. 346. 5. A very young Calf, with the abdomen laid open.
No. 347-5. A section of the Gravid Uterus from the Sow; show-
ing the inner membrane extremely vascular, which in that animal
joins with the chorion without the intervention of a placenta.
GllAVID UTERUS.
‘205
No. 348. s. A Placenta and portion of the Membranes, from
the human Subject, about the third month of pregnancy.
No. 349* A Child injected, and Placenta; about the fifth month.
No. 350. s. A Child injected, (a female), with the parietes of
the thorax and abdomen removed, showing the general situation
of thoracic and abdominal viscera.
No. 352. s. The Foetal part of Placenta, with a portion of
Chorion, most minutely injected : hardened, and in oil of turpen-
tine : from the sheep.
No. 354, s. A portion of Chorion from the Mare ; the arteries
being injected red, and the veins yellow : showing an infinite num-
ber of convoluting branches overspreading the whole membrane.
No. 367. s. An Uterus where there had been an Ovum in one
of the Fallopian Tubes; the Fallopian tube is distended to nearly
the size of a hen’s egg, and has been ruptured, the ovum pro-
bably passing out into the cavity of the belly : what is remarka-
ble is the increase of the uterus, as if it contained an ovum, and
the presence in it of the decidua, which is clearly proved by this
Preparation to be formed by the uterus, and to be independent in
some measure of the ovum. [The foetus was found in a coagulum,
and is preserved in the Bottle marked R. R. 291.]
No. 368. s. Another portion of Ditto, showing decidua.
No. 369. s. A longitudinal section of Uterus, where a placenta
is seen extraneous to the uterus, and occupying a Fallopian tube;
the uterus in this case has not increased very much in its size.
No. 370. s. The Foetus belonging to the last No., very much
defaced and compressed.
No. 374. s, A monstrous production in the Ovarium ; consistino^
of a jaw, teeth, some fat, and hair.
No. 3/5’S. Some Teeth in the Rectum; a monstrous produc-
tion formed, most probably, in the ovarium, and which had ulcer-
ated its way into the rectum ; the uterus on the other side ap-
•2 L
ORAVII) UTERUS',
2C()
pears to be of the natural size, and never to liave contained any
ovum: what is remarkable is, that the woman, (aged about nine-
teen), in whom this preparation was found, appeared to have a
hymen uninjured. (Dissecting room).
No. 376. s. A section of a Gravid Uterus, showing a cavity
containing a scrophulous kind of matter.
No. 377. s. Another section of Ditto, showing ditto.
No. 378. s. An extra Uterine Foetus, very much deformed :
the face^ scarce, or rather not at all distinguishable ; the upper
extremities lost, and the two lower jutting out, exactly resembling
what are called drumsticks in a fowl.
No. 379. Ditto, small and compressed; the head, trunk, and
upper extremities very distinguishable, but the two lower hanging
down like two membranes.
No. 380. s. A Placenta converted into Hydatids, of different
sizes and of the shape of a Florence flask ; they hang by small
threads of different lengths, some from the substance of placenta^
others from neighbouring hydatids.
No. 381. s. Ditto; a very large mass.
No. 382. d\ Ditto ; some of the hydatids of targe size.
No. 383. s. Ditto.
No. 384. s. Ditto.
No. 385. s. Ditto.
No. 386. s. Ditto.
No. 387. s. Ditto.
No. 388. s. Ditto.
No. 389. s. Ditto.
No. 390. s. Ditto.
No. 391* s. Ditto,
No. 392. s. Ditto.
No. 393. s. Ditto.
No. 394. Ditto.
No. 395. 5. Ditto.
GRAVID UTERUS.
2(>7
No. 397. s. A considerable Hydatid, with some smaller ones
growing from its surface, showing mode of formation.
No. 398. s. Ditto.
No. 399. s. Ditto.
No. 400. s. Ditto.
Nos. 406. s. '
4Q7. .V.
408. ij.
409. s.
410. s.
411.
412. 5.
413. 5.
414. s.
415. s.
416. s.
417. s.
418. 5.
!>
Numbered on
Hunterian MSS.
419.
420. s.
422. s.
424. ty.
425. ty.
426.
427. 5.
428.
429.
glass,
but not described
in
Nos. 430. 5.^
431. 5.
432.
433. s.
434. 5.
435. 5.
436.
437. s.
438. .s.J
Not numbered, nor described.
2(>8
CASTS
CHIEFLY IN 1‘LASTEll OF FAiaS.
CASTS CHIEFLY IN PLASTER OF PARIS.
No. ]. (R.R, No. 1. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus, Plates I. II.
III.) A Cast In Paris Plaster, coloured after life; takes In the
lower half of the trunk of the body, and upper half of the thighs:
shows abdomen opened, and the gravid uterus at the ninth month,
occupying the pelvis and the largest anterior part of the abdomen;
the intestines are behind, above, and chiefly to the left of the
uterus; it is not of a regular pyriform appearance, but there are
eminences and cavities on its surface, owing to the shape of the
child s body underneath ; the bladder is seen compressed into a
flattish form between uterus and pubis, and the external parts of
generation are in situ: the arteries and veins on the uterus large.
No. 2. Ditto.
No. 3. Ditto.
No. 4. (Plate III. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus, R.R. No. 2?).
A foie-view of the W^omb, and of the contents of the pelvis:
the ossa pubis, with tbe muscles and integuments which cover
them, being removed.
No. 5. (R.R. No. 3.) Ditto, from another Woman at the full
time : uterus of a prodigious size, and more rounded on its sur-
face ; shows nearly as No. 1 ; abdomen only opened.
No. 6. (Plate VI. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus, R.R. No. 70).
A Cast in Paris Plaster from a pregnant Woman at the full
time, including the lower half of the trunk of the body, and upper
half of the thighs; abdomen opened, and the anterior^ parietes of
uterus removed: shows the child in situ, its head downwards
behind the bladder, the left ear forwards and an inch or two to
the left of symphysis pubis ; the body of the child lies entirely
in the right side of the uterus, and placenta and waters were
on the left ; the child’s buttocks are under the great lobe of
the liver, and its face is near the left groin : its situation then
is very oblique.
No. 7. Ditto, cast in lead.
CASTS CHIEFLY IN PLASTER OF PARIS. 2Gi)
No. 8. Ditto ; position of head different, so that face looks
more anteriorly, and left ear is to the right of symphysis pubis.
No. 9. (R.R. No. 73?). A Cast in Paris Plaster, nearly the
whole trunk of the body, and upper part of the thighs included,
from a Woman at ninth month: uterus opened, shows the child
presenting by the breech ; the child does not lie oblique, but
almost perpendicular, and parallel to the sides of the body; one
turn of the navel-string is round its neck.
No. 10. Ditto, uterus opened; foetus seen through amnion
everywhere, but at the lower part, where decidua remains over it.
(Not described).
No. 11. Ditto; membranes completely removed from the fore
part of foetus. (Not described).
No. 12. Not described.
No. 13. (Plate XIII. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus). From a
Subject in the ninth month of pregnancy. A fore-view of the
Womb, (with the vagina and vesica urinaria), in which all the
enclosing parts were cut through and turned up, to show the
situation of the child with its head upwards : the vessels of the
womb had been previously injected.
No. 14. (Plate XVII. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus). From a
Subject at eight months. A direct fore-view of the Womb, after
the outer stratum had been dissected off, to show the distribution
of the larger uterine vessels in their way to the placenta, which in
this case adhered to the fore-part, and fundus of the womb.
No. 15. (Plate XX. Anatomy of Gravid Uterus). From the
same Subject. A fore-view of the womb, fully opened, to show
the child in Its natural situation : all around at the fundus, the
substance of the placenta as well as that of the womb itself, is
seen cut through. ’
No. 16. One half of Uterus at full time, after foetus had been
(NordtrlEldT'-
No. 17. (U.U. No. 365.) A cast of a Child at full time, beiufi
coiled up into an oval shape, showing how the different parts of
.1 were disposed in the uterus, so as to occupy least room
•270
WET 1*IIE1>A11AT1(E\S,
No. 18. (R.R. No. 366.) Ditto.
No. 19. Not described.
No. 20. Shows abdomen opened, and anterior parietes of
Uterus removed, in a Subject in the sixth month of utero-gesta-
tion. (Not described).
No. 21. View of Uterus and other Abdominal Viscera, in
the fourth month of pregnancy. (Not described).
No. 22. Cast of Uterus, at fifth month of pregnancy.
No. 23. Ditto.
No. 24. Shows malformation of Genital Organs in the Male,
simulating hermaphrodism : penis so small as to resemble clitoris;
scrotum divided by a cleft in the middle, so that the two halves
of It resemble the labia majora, [Should have been placed in
section M.M.]
WET PREPARATIONS,
NOT REFERUIBLE TO ANY OF THE PRECEDING SECTIONS, OR
WHICH HAVING BEEN MISPLACED, WERE OMITTED IN THE
SECTIONS TO WHICH THEY PROPERLY BELONG. fl.
Nos. 1. s.
2. s.
3. s.
4. s.
s»
6. s.
7. s.
8. s.
9. s.
10. s.
11.5.
12. 5.
13. 5.
14.5.
15. 5.
16. 5.
17. 5.
18. 5.
1 9. 5,
20. 5.
21.5.
22. 5.
HONES.
271
BONES.
Four Sets of Bones.
One Set for Epiphyses.
Two Sets of loose Bones of Head.
A Complete set of Sections of Cranium.
Four natural Skeletons of Children.
A Skeleton of a Dwarf, called Leathercoat Jack; where the
cartilages are most of them ossified.
A Skeleton, with incurvated Spine.
A Skeleton of a Monkey.
Two upper Extremities, with ligaments and joints preserved.
A Pelvis with Thigh Bones, having the ligaments about the
joints.
Ten Pelves.
Two Trunks.
Three Spines.
Two sections of Ditto.
Two Dozen of Skulls; most of which, however, wefe not
reckoned part of the collection.
A Drawer full of Bones, of the upper Extremity.
Ditto, of the lower Extremity.
Ditto, containing Ribs and Sterna.
Ditto, containing Sections of Bones.
DISEASED DONES.
070
DISEASED BONES.
DRY.
The collection of diseased Bones is so extensive, that it would
require nearly as much time and labour to describe each hone
particularly, as has been bestowed on all the other parts of the
Catalogue taken together. We shall not therefore attempt it,
but mention only the number of specimens, and general circum-
stances, so as to be able to ascertain sufl&ciently to the members
of the Glasgow University this part of the Collection.*
INFLAMMATION.
A Bone may inflame as well as a soft part, although the process
be slower. The inflammation is of two sorts when not affected
by any specific cause ; viz ; the adhesive, and the suppurative
producing granulations. Those were first distinguished by Mr.
Hunter, and the distinction is well founded.
When a Bone has been affected by the adhesive inflammation,
it becomes generally enlarged and heavier, the surface of it is a
little more irregular than in a sound bone, but the difference in
this respect is not very striking.
The granulations of Bone may be distinguished by the general
surface being much more irregular, but especially by the granula-
tions rising up at right angles to the general surface of the bone.
This appearance, however, after some time is lost, for in limbs
* It has been found impossible from want of suitable acconunodation, to
arrange the specimens of Diseased Bones in the order of the Catalogue. They
are disposed, in the meantime, in five horizontal Cabinets. In four of these
placed in the Vestibule, the specimens are arranged in an anatomical order,
Lnes of the same kind being placed together with whatever disease they had
been affected. In the fifth Cabinet, placed in the middle of the large Hall,
the specimens are arranged in a pathological order, to illustrate Dr. Hunter s
views of the Diseases of the Bones. This series comprehends fractures ; anchy-
losis; equable enlargement from adhesive infiammation ; irregular enlargement
from* suppurative inflammation producing granulations; enlargement of both
kinds, 'with exfoliation internal and external; exostosis; lickets; mollities
ossium; caries; spina ventosa, and osteo-sarcomatous enlargement.
DISEASED BONES.
•278
where there had been compound fractures, the absorbents smooth
the surface of the new bone, making it resemble in its surface
natural bone.
Nine Specimens of Thigh Bones in a state of inflammation :
of three there are sections, showing the bony parietes at least twice
or perhaps three times the natural thickness.
A Thigh Bone, with luxuriant granulations at the lower ex-
tremity.
Three beautiful specimens of granulations from the end of
Stumps in the thigh bone. Two specimens where bone had been
smoothed by absorption after amputation.
Thirty-three specimens of inflammation in the Tibia ; one of
those is a section showing a thickening through the whole length
of the bone, and the adventitious bone from its appearance, may
be easily separated from the natural.
An excellent specimen of a Node on the Tibia of a Quadruped.
A Tibia with an immense mass of granulations: contained
in a glass bottle.
Twenty-six Fibulae in a state of inflammation: two of these
sections are showing the increased thickness of the bone ; in one
there is a prodigious quantity of irregular granulations at the upper
extremity, where the tibia had probably partaken of the same
disease.
Three Ossa Humeri in a state of inflammation.
Three Radii in a state of inflammation.
Nine Ulnae in a state of inflammation.
A Section of Cranium, with considerable thickening from in-
flammation over the left orbit, which has extended in some degree
through the upper jaw.
DISEASED BONES.
ti7i
CARIES.
By Caries is meant an Ulcer in a bone. This is produced from
the same causes as an ulcer in soft parts; as from some previous
inflammation having been produced, which has advanced to sup-
puration , fiom some extraneous body; from some dead bone,
which is to be thrown out, as in exfoliation ; from the pressure of
an aneurysm. These ulcers will be different in their nature»
according to the constitution ; and according to the nature of
the cause, whether it be specific, &c.: but this most commonly
connot be ascertained from looking at a dead bone, but is to be
known only from the history of the case.
Five Spines, with Caries of many of the vertebrae ; some from
scrophula,^ others from the pressure of an aneurysm : one of these
has a portion of the aneurysmal sack remaining opposite to the
caries ; another has the aorta injected, keeping the curve of the
spine.
Four Sections of two Spines, that are carious.
Four Specimens of portions of Spines, which are carious.
One Specimen of ulceration of Sternum and four Ribs, from the
pressure of an aneurysm.
A small Skull, with a considerable Ulcer, which has destroyed
a pretty large portion of the upper jaw ; it looks like a gum boil.
A portion of Cranium with two Ulcers, one large, the other
smaller, with granulations in the neighbourhood.
Twelve specimens of portions of Crania aflPected with ulcera-
tion, from Lues Venerea.
It is to be remarked that the Skulls aflfected with Lues
Venerea in the Collection, seem to exhibit a peculiar appearance.
There are a prodigious number of small irregular ulcerations,
seeming as if the bone was gnawed with insects ; these gradually
spread so as to form larger ulcers, and then this appearance be-
comes in a great measure lost.
DISEASED BONES.
•275
Two lower Jaws affected with Caries.
Five Ossa Innomiuata partly carious.
Eight portions of Thigh Bones, affected more or less with
Caries ; two of these at the upper extremity, and six at the lower
extremity : in one the ulcer is very large, having destroyed the
whole of one condyle.
Thirteen Tibiae affected with Caries : eight of these have the
ulcer at the upper extremity; four are carious in their bodies, one
almost through the whole extent of the body, and three partially;
one of them was the consequence of a wound by a bullet.
Two carious Patellae.
One carious Scapula.
Six carious Ossa Humeri: three of these at the lower extremity,
and three partly at the upper extremity.
Two Ulnae with caries at the upper extremity.
EXFOLIATION.
It not uncommonly happens, that a portion of a Bone becomes
dead, either from exposure or from violence. In this case the
living bone absorbs itself immediately round the dead bone, so as
to remove it, a dead bone acting upon the living parts exactly as
any extraneous body. W hen an external lamina only becomes
dead, it is soon removed, and the other parts heal by granulation:
but if the bone becomes dead through the greater part of its sub-
stance, then the surrounding living parts form a bony case con-
taining the dead bone, which lies loose in it; and there are a number
of holes to be seen in the newly formed bony case, which is the
effect of absorption being an endeavour to form an outlet for the
dead bone. Sometimes it happens that nature nearly completes
this process by throwing a considerable number of these holes into
•270
DISEASED BONES.
one canal, so that the hone may be easily removed, but this rarely
happens. A dead bone most commonly appears like the natural
bone, and the living bone appears diseased, having undergone the
process of inflammation, &c. The dead bone in many places appears
to be worm eaten, which is the effect of absorption of the neigh-
bouring living parts, and is probably an attempt to diminish the
size of the dead bone, to render the expulsion of it more easily
accomplished.
Two Crania with Exfoliations, one very large from an epileptic
Woman, where the bone was destroyed by her falling into the fire.
Five pieces of exfoliated bone from a Skull ; in a small box.
A lower jaw with a very large Exfoliation.
Nine sections of Thigh bones, showing exfoliation ; three inter-
nal, and the others external.
Nineteen Tibiae, with exfoliations, eleven of which are internal,
and the others external.
An Os Humeri, with internal exfoliations.
A Small Box containing above a dozen pieces of exfoliated
bone, chiefly from tibia.
RICKETS.
The disease of Rickets may be distinguished by the following
circumstances, viz., the bones are much lighter than they should
be naturally, and being less fitted for support they yield to pres-
sure and become curved. If a bone be broken, especially a
cylindrical one, which is affected with this disease, the central
cavity appears very large and the parietes very thin, often so much
so as to be easily broken between the thumb and finger. There
appears, therefore, to be in Rickets a deficiency both of the earthy
and animal materials, which constitute bone.
DISEASED BONES.
277
A Skull aftected with Rickets; the cranium above being flatter,
and the fontanelle much more open than it should be, resembling?
in this last respect a hydrocephalous skull.
Four Crania, rickety.
A portion of the Trunk, rickety; the spine being bent, the
ribs at the sides flattened, and the breast pushed out.
Two Skeletons rickety ; one in a child, another in a woman
of forty, a Frenchwoman, whose height was diminished incredibly
by the curvature of the bones.
Four Sterna affected with Rickets, being rendered hollow
towards the cavity of the chest.
Ihree Pelves very much distorted from Rickets, so as to
render the passage of a child Impossible, and to render necessary
the Caesarean operation or the use of the Crotchet.
Seventy-two Thigh bones more or less affected by Rickets, the
necks being nearly at right angles to the bodies of the bones, and
the bodies being curved from pressure so as to be very hollow
backwards.
Sixteen Tibiae affected with Rickets, two of them straight but
very light, the others either bent forwards or outwards.
Six Fibulae, much bent outwards.
MOLLITIES OSSIUM.
This disease is very similar to Rickets, and may perhaps be
considered as a more advanced degree of the same disease. In
rickets although there is a great deficiency in the materials of
bone, yet there is a considerable hardness. In Mollities Osslum
there is a greater softness, there being a greater deficiency of the
earthy part, which is not deposited in the usual quantity, during
the natural change of bones within a certain period of years; or Tf
DISEASED DONES.
•27S
it be deposited it is absorbed in much larger quantity, or both
may happen, so as to produce a great deficiency of earth, leaving
little else than the animal substance. Hence the bones lose their
office of support, and become very much curved, at first probably
from weight, afterwards, when the disease is further advanced,
from the action of the muscles. Such bones are cut easily with
a knife, like a piece of cheese ; and in their cavity contain a
large quantity of a bloody, oily matter.
A section of an Os Humeri, affected with this disease.
A section of Os Femoris, affected with Ditto.
A section of Tibia, affected with Ditto.
A section of Patella, affected with Ditto. N.B. These be-
longed to the Shoemaker at Wapping, whose case is published
in the London Medical Observations.
A Thigh, Leg, and Foot, affected with Ditto.
INCURVATION.
This affection would appear to be very similar to Rickets, and
probably only a smaller degree of the same disease. It belongs
principally to the Spine. The incurvation generally extends
through the greater part of the length of the chest and belly
to the one side or the other, by which the cavity of the chest
on one side is very much diminished, and the ribs lose in some
degree their relative situation to each other ; at the same time,
the neck generally takes a curve to the opposite side, so as
in some degree to counterbalance the distortion. The Pelves
attached to such spines are often very well formed, and not at all
affected.
Six Trunks with incurvated Spines, the pelves not being
affected.
DISEASED BONES.
279
A Spine with Os Sacrum only, without ribs, aiFected with in-
curvation.
A Spine without ribs but with pelvis, affected with Ditto ;
pelvis not affected.
A portion of Spine with ribs, affected with Ditto.
A Skeleton, with incurvation of the Spine.
HYDROCEPHALUS.
Hydrocephalus cannot properly be ranked among the diseases
of the Bones, because it consists of an accumulation of water
within the cavity of the skull. There is, however, in hydro-
cephalous Skulls a considerable deviation from the natural appear-
ance, so that in a Catalogue of this sort they must be ranked
among the specimens of diseased bone.
In Hydrocephalus the upper part of the cranium is very large in
cpmpanson with the jaws; the fontanelles are exceedingly wide*
^e bones at the sutures are separated at a considerable distance'
om each other; the bones project very much on the upper
part of cranium, at the original centres of ossification; and there
are often little islands of bone in the membrane, produced by
particular ossifications,— a sort of attempt to complete the bony
circumference of the cranium as soon as possible.
Four specimens of entire Hydrocephalous Skulls, of different
sizes.
Four of the upper portions of Cranium.
ANCHYLOSIS.
By Anchylosis is meant an incapacity for motion in a joint It
ts generally divided into complete and incomplete, ZtplJe
28U
DISEASED BONES.
where there is no power of motion whatever, and incomplete
where the power of motion is diminished. This condition of
a joint may arise from various causes. 1st From an alteration
in the shape of the parts which constitute the joint. 2nd. From
some extraneous bony matter surrounding a joint. 3rd. From
soft parts joining Bones together, being converted into bone and
preventing motion at the joint, although the joint itself may be in
a natural state. 4th. From an Ulcer in a joint. 5th. From the
Bones at a joint growing or shooting into each other and obliter-
ating the joint.
A Trunk, with all the vertebrae anchylosed, and the joints
of the ribs anchylosed, from extraneous bony matter being placed
around the joints.
The lower part of Spine, with left Os Innominatum, anchylosed
from same cause.
Two Ribs, and some Vertebrae anchylosed.
A Rib, and one Vertebra anchylosed.
Fourteen portions of Spines, consisting of more or fewer
vertebrae anchylosed.
An Anchylosis between Atlas and skull.
An Anchylosis between three upper vertebrae, and between
atlas and skull.
Two entire Pelves, with anchylosis of joints between ossa
innominata and sacrum.
Eight portions of Pelves, consisting each of one os innominatum
and os sacrum, with anchylosis of the joint.
Seven Ossa Innominata, where there must have been incom-
plete anchylosis from alterations in the shape of acetabulum.
Two specimens of incomplete Anchylosis, between the thigh
bone and os innominatum from alteration of shape.
DISEASED BONES.
281
Two specimens of complete Anchylosis between Ditto, from
bony union,
A Pelvis, where the thigh bones had formed a new joint on
each side with ossa innominata. This perhaps does not altogether
rank properly with Anchylosis, but it cannot come so well into
any other part of the Catalogue.
Twelve Thigh Bones, where there must have been incomplete
anchylosis either of the hip joint or of the knee, from an altera-
tion in the shape of parts. N.B. One of these has a little swell-
ing in the anterior surface of its body something like a splinter
united.
Nine Specimens of Anchylosis between the Thigh and Leg.
One Specimen of Tibia, where there must have been incom-
plete Anchylosis at knee, from alteration of shape.
Two Specimens of an Anchylosis between patella and femur.
A Specimen of Anchylosis between Tibia and Fibula, at the
lower part.
A Specimen of Ditto, at both extremities.
Ditto, between Tibia, Astragalus, and Os Calcis.
Ditto, between Leg and Foot, and of the bones of the foot
among themselves.
Two sections of Anchylosis, between two bones of the foot of
a Horse, from extraneous bony matter surrounding the joint.
Three Specimens of Anchylosis between two ribs, from part of
the intercostal muscles being converted into bone.
One Specimen of Ditto, in a Quadruped.
Two Specimens of incomplete Anchylosis between Scapula and
Os Humeri, from alteration of shape.
One Ditto, from Ulcer.
DISEASED BONES.
A Scapula, with alteration of shape in Glenoid cavity, where
there must have been incomplete Anchylosis,
One Specimen of incomplete Anchylosis In the elbow joint,
from alteration of shape.
Six Specimens of complete Anchylosis, in the elbow joint from
bony union.
Two Specimens of complete Anchylosis between Radius and
Carpus, and bones of Carpus among themselves.
One Specimen of Anchylosis in the bones of the carpus.
FRACTURE.
A Fracture generally may be very easily discovered In a dead
bone. There is a kind of swelling at the fractured part ; if the
fracture has been simple, and well managed by the Surgeon, the
swelling will be small, and have exactly the same natural surface
with the other parts of the bone ; if the fracture has been a bad
compound one, and ill managed by the Surgeon, you will have
one part of the bone projecting, and riding upon the other, very
often with considerable processes. These processes are sometimes
sharp, but more often they have been sharp originally, but are in
time blunted and smoothed by the absorbents, that the muscles
lying upon them may not be irritated. In sawing through a
fractured bone, a firm compact stratum of bone may be seen
running between the fractured extremities, being produced by
the blood extravasated in the time of the fracture, and going
through its natural changes into callus, and afterwards into bone.
Fourteen portions of different Crania, ^where there had been
fracture, and where the trepan had been employed in all except
one : in one the bone has become dead, immediately surrounding
the hole of the trepan, and is beginning to separate; in two the
DISEASED BONES.
283
regeneration of bone is almost completed, so that the crania are
almost entire.
Two Scapulae, with Fracture; one, of the acromion; the other,
of the lower costa, immediately under the glenoid cavity, and
perforated with a number of holes through its dorsum.
Nine Fractured Clavicles.
Seven fractured Ossa Humeri ; three in the middle, two near
the upper extremity, and two near the lower extremity.
Two fractured Radii; the fracture near the lower extremity.
A Radius and Ulna, with a fracture of radius near the middle,
and where there is at the place of fracture, a bony union between
radius and ulna, preventing pronation and supination.
Ditto, in a Sow, with fracture of both bones, and bony union
at the place of fracture between the two bones.
Eighteen fractured Ribs ; most of the fractures either a little
more anterior than the angles, or near the anterior cartilaginous
extremity.
Two fractured Ribs, with a bony union between the two at the
place of fracture.
Three Ribs fractured in two places.
Twenty-three Thigh Bones with fractures; of which eleven are
near the middle of the bone, seven are near the upper extremity,
and five near the lower extremity ; two of these fractured at the
upper extremity, are accompanied with such a luxuriant growth
of bone, as to appear like exostosis.
It may be remarked here that the lower extremity of a frac-
tured Thigh Bone, generally gets behind the upper, and the two
ride a little.
One Thigh Bone, fractured in two places.
Two portions of a Thigh Bone, where there had been fracture,
but the fracture had never united ; and at the broken ends there
284
DISEASED BONES.
is a smooth surface formed by absorption, and a very thin kind
of cartilaginous lamina, where the fractured extremities formed
a kind of joint, admitting of some motion.
Thigh Bone. One portion of another, somewhat similar to
the above.
Three fractured Thigh Bones in Quadrupeds.
Twenty-three fractured Tibiae ; in twenty of which the fracture
is about two or three inches above the lower extremity, and in
the other three the fracture is near the middlk Seven of them
are accompanied with fractured fibulae ; and in all of these, except
two, there is a bony union between the two bones, at the place
of fracture.
Two sections through a fractured Tibia and Fibula, showing
an oblique compact stratum of new bone running between the
broken extremities of the bones.
A Section of a fractured Tibia.
A Tibia and Fibula fractured, where there had been no
union, perhaps occasioned by a dead piece of bone ; and where
there had been considerable inflammation, and growth of bone at
the fractured extremities.
A fractured Tibia and Fibula from a Sow.
Twelve fractured Fibulse, of which seven are fractured within
one or two inches of the upper extremity, two are fractured near
the lower extremity, and three are fractured near the middle.
EXOSTOSIS.
By Exostosis is understood a praeternatural growth of Bone,
forming a bony tumour arising from the natural surface of a bone.
This I think should be distinguished from a luxuriant growth
of bone at a fracture, and from spina ventosa, a disease afterwards
to be taken notice of.
DISEASED BONES.
285
A small knob of Bone, arising from the outside of Os Humeri
near its middle.
A Thigh Bone, with a sharp process of bone arising about
two inches above the inner condyle, and pointing upwards.
A Thigh Bone, with a large exostosis upon its fore part, near
the middle.
Ditto, with small exostosis near middle, behind.
A Thigh Bone with a very large tumour, not exactly of bone
but containing chiefly the earth of bone, enveloping the lower
extremity.
A Section of a Thigh Bone near the lower extremity, with
three large bony tumours.
A Tibia, belonging to the last thigh bone, with two bony
tumours at its upper extremity.
A half of a lower Jaw, with a small exostosis.
An upper Jaw converted into a very large irregular mass of
bone, consisting of thin laminae variously disposed towards each
other, the whole forming a mass twice as large as a child’s head
at birth: it can be discovered to be a jaw by one tooth only that
is still remaining. It becomes difficult to determine, whether to
rank this with Exostosis or Spina Ventosa.
Two irregular Spherules of Bone, near the bulk of a fist, which
were found loose in a grave, and appear somewhat like separated
exostoses.
SPINA VENTOSA.
By Spina Ventosa is meant the disease, in which the body of a
Bone, or a part of it is changed into a bony, hollow tumour; so
that the body of the bone, as far as the tumour extends, is en-
tirely lost.
280
URINARY CALCULI.
A Thigh Bone, with the upper extremity of it metamorphosed
into a hollow irregular tumour, considerably larger than the adult
skull, with many external openings leading into the cavity.
A hibula, with the upper part converted into a similar tumour,
as large as two fists conjoined.
A Fibula, with the greater part of its body converted into
the same sort of tumour.
The Metacarpal Bone of the fore finger of the right hand, con-
verted into a tolerably regular hollow tumour, rather larger than
the fist.
URINARY CALCULI.
The matter of which Urinary Calculi are formed is always
secreted by the urinary organs, but it is only concreted into
calculi under particular circumstances, viz., when there is some
nucleus to serve for a basis of crystallization. These nuclei may
be of various kinds, as a little coagulated blood, any extraneous
body whatever, as lead, hair, a piece of bougie, &c. When the
nucleus is very small, it is lost in the crystallizations which are
formed around it ; so that in sawing through many stones no
nucleus, distinct from the stone itself, appears. If this circum-
stance was not necessary to crystallization, there seems to be no
good reason, why there should be any thing like a distinct stone,
and why the whole surface of the excretoi’y ducts of the kidneys,
or the inner surface of the bladder should not be often incrustated
with the matter of calculi.
Specific Gravity. — Urinary calculi dififer considerably from
each other in their specific gravity, but are generally about twice
the specific gravity of water.
Colour. — They differ very much from each other in their
colour, being of a white light brown, a dark brown, or black
colour, and the different tints or shades from white to black are
almost innumerable.
URINAEY CALCULI.
287
Surface. — There is also much variety in this respect : some
being very smooth on their surface ; others being granulated ;
others with larger prominences, so as to resemble a mulberry ; and
others with sharper processes arising from the general surface,
which have given them the name of spinous.
Shafe. — This varies considerably, according to circumstances,
viz : according to the shape of the cavity in which the stone is
formed, and according to the presence or absence of other stones.
Upon the whole, the general shape of urinary stones is oval ; and
when there are more stones than one, there are generally faces
and angles, where the different stones while in contact, had rubbed
against each other.
Compactness and structure — Some Stones are so solid
as to take a firm uniform polish when sawn through ; while others
are full of small irregular cavities. The same stone may be com-
pact and laminated on the outside, and porous within. There may
also be a remarkable difference in colour, between the outer part
of a stone and its centre.
Size. — Exceedingly vaidous ; from the bulk of a grain of sand,
to that of the fist.
Two hundred and eighty-one Sections of Stones of different
sizes.
Five entire Stones.
Six Boxes containing small Stones.
Three Stones, entire, from the kidney.
One Ditto, from a Mare.
Seventeen Boxes of Fragments.
Seventeen Models of Stones in Paris plaster.
Red Sand of urine, in three small boxes.
Two Locks of Hair, incrustated with calculous matter.
Two Nails, incrustated with calculous matter.
288
BILIARY CALCULI.
Three Pessaries, with ditto.
Some small Stones from Hog’s bladder.
SALIVARY, AND PANCREATIC STONES.
They are of the same nature as the urinary.
Four Salivary Stones.
One Pancreatic.
BILIARY CALCULI. .
These differ very much from each other, in a number of cir-
cumstances.
Colour. — Their colour is various ; being of a greenish, a dark
green, bright yellow, brown, reddish yellow, red, white, and black
colour.
Size. — Various; from a grain of sand, to the bulk of a
pullet’s egg.
Number. — There is sometimes only one Stone found in a
Gall Bladder, or its Ducts ; at other times a prodigious number.
Shape. — When there is one Gall Stone only, it is generally
of an oblong shape ; when there are more, there are many sur-
faces and angles by which they are adapted to each other.
Surface. —When not exposed to friction, they are generally
more or less granulated on their surface.
INTESTINAL STONES.
289
Structure. — When broken they appear to consist of crystals
disposed in a radiated direction : towards the outer surface, they
are commonly composed of concentric laminae still interspersed
with radiated structure; sometimes the radiated structure extends
th rough out.
The Gall Stones are so small and numerous that it is impossible
to number them individually, as it would be nearly the same kind
of task as reckoning the individual particles of sand in a sand box;
we shall therefore only number the Boxes containing the Gall
Stones. These Boxes are of the common wafer sort, and contain
one, two, three, four, a dozen, &c. of Stones: others contain an
infinite number of very small Stones.
Seventy Boxes, containing Gall Stones.
BEZOAR STORES.
They are of an olive colour, and generally of an oblong figure.
When broken, they are chiefly of a radiated texture, and often
have a considerable cavity in their centre, containing a vegetable
substance. They are said to be formed in the stomach of an
animal in the East Indies of the Goat kind. There are also
Bezoars brought from the West Indies, which are reckoned in-
ferior to the Oriental. They were at one time much employed in
medicine.
One entire Bezoar Stone, of the bulk of an olive.
Fourteen sections of Bezoar Stones.
INTESTINAL STONES,
In the Inte.stines of Quadrupeds, Balls of Hair are often found,
of a very considerable size. These have sometimes a hard pol-
ished crust, containing a looser texture of hair within: sometimes
there is the same texture of hair upon the outside, a round ball
being formed of considerable firmness by the action of the intes-
tines.
•290
INTESTINAL STONES.
There are also found, in the Intestines of Quadrupeds, large
Concretions, appearing to consist of the same kind of matter as tlie
calculous concretions of the urinary bladder.
In the human Subject, there are sometimes found concretions,
analogous to the hairy concretions of Quadrupeds. These are of
very different sizes; have the same firmness, the same feeling to
the touch as the substance of a hat; and are of a yello\vi>h brown
colour.
Nine Sections of Calculous Concretions, some of immense size,
from the intestines of a Horse.
Nine entire Hairy Calculi, from Quadrupeds.
Fourteen Sections of Ditto.
Twenty-six Sections of Intestinal Calculi, from the human
Subject.
As an Appendix to the Calculous Concretions may be heie
placed a considerable oblong piece of Slate ; said to have passed
from a Boy’s bladder : (an imposition).
EINIS.
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